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ABBOTT TERRENCE W
ABRAMS STEVE
ADAMS CHARLES C
ALLIATA DI MONTEREALE GIOVANNI FRANCESCO
ALPERT RICHARD
ANDREOLA BERARDINO
ANGELI ANGELO
ANGIOLETTI THOMAS
ARNABOLDI PAUL
ATKINSON DAN
BELLANTONIO FRANCESCO
BIGNAMI MAURICE
BLACK DAVID (AUTHOR)
BORGHESE VALERIO
BOTT CHRISTINE
BROTHERHOOD ETERNAL LOVE
BROWN MARTIN WOODROW
BUDA FRANCO
CISNEROS FAJARDO OSWALDO
CLARK RONALD HADLEY
COCO FRANCESCO
CORU
CURCIO RENATO
CURTIS MARK
DE SENA MARIO
DI MONTEREALE ALLIATA
ELLIOT LARRY
FADLALLAH MOHAMMED HUSSEIN
FELTRINELLI GIANGIACOMO
FIORENZI ROBERTO
FLORIDIA GIORGIO
FOUR STAR ESTABLISHMENT
FOWLES FRANK
FRANCESCHINI ROBERTO
FRANCIA SALVATORE
FREIDMAN LESTER
GARELLI GUIDO
GIGLIOTTI FRANK BRUNO
GIOVANNIELLO GIUSEPPE
GIOVANNONE STEFANO (COL)
GOEKJIAN SAM (PARIS LAWYER)
GORI GRAZIANO
GOTTLIEB SIDNEY
GRIGGS JOHN
HANSEN WENDY MARIE
HELMS RICHARD MCGARRAH
HERITAGE FOUNDATION
HERNANDEZ CARTAYA GUILLERMO
HITCHCOCK WILLIAM MELLON
ITALY CIA IN
KEMP RICHARD
LA RANA MATTIA
LADU JOSTO
LAING R.D.
LEARY TIMOTHY
LEE DICK (LEAPY)
LEE MARTIN A
LIMA SALVO (SALVATORE)
LINKER DAVID
MACMILLAN HAMILTON
MANSON CHARLES
MARCUSON ALAN
MARKS HOWARD (MI6)
MARTIN ALEXANDER S (LT CDR)
MARTIN GRAHAM ANDERSON
MCCANN JIM
MEARS DAVID
MEARS JOHN
MESSAGGIO EMILIO
MICELI VITO
MONRO ANGUS
MORLION FELIX
MORO ALDO
MUGABE ROBERT G
NEGRI TONI (ANTONIO)
OGLESBY CARL
PAGHERA ENRICO
PAPA MICHELE
PECI PATRIZIO
PINERNO FRANCO
PLINSTON GRAHAM
QADDAFI MUAMMAR
RED BRIGADES
REID-DALY RON
SADR IMAN MUSA AL-
SAFIRE WILLIAM L
SAND NICK
SCULLY TIM (LSD)
SHITSKY RONALD
SHLAIN BRUCE
SHULTZ GEORGE PRATT
SINDONA MICHELE
SKULLY TIM
SOGNO DEL VALINO EDGARDO
SOLOMON DAVID (LSD DEALER)
SPECIAL AIR SERVICE
STANLEY AUGUSTUS OWSLEY III
TAYLOR PHILIP B III
VERZOTTO GRAZIANO


STARK RONALD HADLEY

pages searched: 50 These names share the indicated number of pages with the above name. Click on a name below for a standard name search: BROTHERHOOD ETERNAL LOVE 18 BROWN MARTIN WOODROW 8 MICELI VITO 6 PAGHERA ENRICO 6 SCULLY TIM (LSD) 6 ADAMS CHARLES C 5 CURCIO RENATO 5 FLORIDIA GIORGIO 5 HANSEN WENDY MARIE 4 LEARY TIMOTHY 4 LEE DICK (LEAPY) 4 RED BRIGADES 4 VERZOTTO GRAZIANO 4 ABRAMS STEVE 3 BLACK DAVID (AUTHOR) 3 GORI GRAZIANO 3 KEMP RICHARD 3 MORO ALDO 3 TAYLOR PHILIP B III 3 ALLIATA DI MONTEREALE GIOVANNI FRANCESCO 2 ANGIOLETTI THOMAS 2 BUDA FRANCO 2 COCO FRANCESCO 2 FIORENZI ROBERTO 2 LAING R.D. 2 LEE MARTIN A 2 LIMA SALVO (SALVATORE) 2 MACMILLAN HAMILTON 2 MARKS HOWARD (MI6) 2 MCCANN JIM 2 NEGRI TONI (ANTONIO) 2 OGLESBY CARL 2 SINDONA MICHELE 2 ABBOTT TERRENCE W 1 ALPERT RICHARD 1 ANDREOLA BERARDINO 1 ANGELI ANGELO 1 ARNABOLDI PAUL 1 ATKINSON DAN 1 BELLANTONIO FRANCESCO 1 BIGNAMI MAURICE 1 BORGHESE VALERIO 1 BOTT CHRISTINE 1 CISNEROS FAJARDO OSWALDO 1 CLARK RONALD HADLEY 1 CORU 1 CURTIS MARK 1 DE SENA MARIO 1 DI MONTEREALE ALLIATA 1 ELLIOT LARRY 1 FADLALLAH MOHAMMED HUSSEIN 1 FELTRINELLI GIANGIACOMO 1 FOUR STAR ESTABLISHMENT 1 FOWLES FRANK 1 FRANCESCHINI ROBERTO 1 FRANCIA SALVATORE 1 FREIDMAN LESTER 1 GARELLI GUIDO 1 GIGLIOTTI FRANK BRUNO 1 GIOVANNIELLO GIUSEPPE 1 GIOVANNONE STEFANO (COL) 1 GOEKJIAN SAM (PARIS LAWYER) 1 GOTTLIEB SIDNEY 1 GRIGGS JOHN 1 HELMS RICHARD MCGARRAH 1 HERITAGE FOUNDATION 1 HERNANDEZ CARTAYA GUILLERMO 1 HITCHCOCK WILLIAM MELLON 1 ITALY CIA IN 1 LA RANA MATTIA 1 LADU JOSTO 1 LINKER DAVID 1 MANSON CHARLES 1 MARCUSON ALAN 1 MARTIN ALEXANDER S (LT CDR) 1 MARTIN GRAHAM ANDERSON 1 MEARS DAVID 1 MEARS JOHN 1 MESSAGGIO EMILIO 1 MONRO ANGUS 1 MORLION FELIX 1 MUGABE ROBERT G 1 PAPA MICHELE 1 PECI PATRIZIO 1 PINERNO FRANCO 1 PLINSTON GRAHAM 1 QADDAFI MUAMMAR 1 REID-DALY RON 1 SADR IMAN MUSA AL- 1 SAFIRE WILLIAM L 1 SAND NICK 1 SHITSKY RONALD 1 SHLAIN BRUCE 1 SHULTZ GEORGE PRATT 1 SKULLY TIM 1 SOGNO DEL VALINO EDGARDO 1 SOLOMON DAVID (LSD DEALER) 1 SPECIAL AIR SERVICE 1 STANLEY AUGUSTUS OWSLEY III 1 STIFF PETER 1 SURREY WALTER STERLING 1 TAVISTOCK INSTITUTE HUMAN RELATIONS 1 THOMAS GERRY (LSD) 1 TODD HENRY 1 TOKHI AMAN 1 TORCHIA GIORGIO 1 WALLS PETER 1 WALTON SIMON (LSD) 1 WHITE GEORGE HUNTER 1 WHITNEY TRUST 1 WORLD FINANCE CORPORATION 1 YARBOROUGH WILLIAM P (GEN) 1
Weirdness reaches proportions usually only ascribed to bacterial life: just when we think we've discovered the extremes in which it resides, marine biologists manage to find one that lives three miles below the sea or in an active volcano.

So it is with the scope and meaning of history. Perhaps someone out there recalls the first time when it started to "click" that there was a lot more to history than the mere recitation of facts and names. Most people go through life thinking that wars are just the inevitable result of "people hating each other", and that events happen more or less at random. If they dig a little deeper, they might find themselves reading a little Marx or Chomsky and resonating with the idea that history is explainable by the dynamics of capitalism or a cabal of shadowy power figures. This is a step in the right direction, but the truth is that there is a "subterranean" dimension to history that escapes even the most assiduous critical analysis. "Subterranean" activity is not the manipulation of world affairs by secret societies and the like, although such groups do exist: rather, "subterranean" activity is thought of as activity that occurs on an occult plane outside of the confines of normal three-dimensional reality. Seen in this light, events are not explainable solely by simple "external" causes and happenstance, but are also pieces of a larger puzzle.
Robert Anton Wilson coined this overarching pattern of events "Synchronet". In the words of one author:
Here we see the roots of psychic association, meaning, and synchronicity, as well as schizophrenia, paranoia, and conspiracy theory. Wilson coined the term SynchroNet to describe the web of interconnections glimpsed by the mystic and ourselves when we experience oneness and/or synchronicity. For a brief moment we are reconnected to the OverMind, the implicate order, the holographic cosmic organism, the noosphere, totality reality. But only for an instant. Those who dwell there, whether by choice or not, are described as shaman or schizophrenic, depending upon which society they live within.
Cue David Black's Acid: The Secret History of LSD. Those still under the impression that history is little more than the sum total of visible events will greet Black's book with incredulity: the synchronistic connections described in just one paragraph can amaze:
"For laundering, [Bill] Hitchcock used the facilities offered by the fiscal paradise of the Bahamas, where he already had a private account at the Castle Bank and Trust. This laundromat [Castle Bank and Trust] for Mafia narcotics trafficking had been co-founded by Edward Halliwell, a CIA asset involved in Air America and Civil Air Transport. These 'airlines' were agency front companies for flying heroin around the Burma Triangle to bankroll covert operations in Indo-China. He made arrangements for the Brotherhood [of Eternal Love, the Californian LSD manufacturing/trafficking organization described in Tendler and May's book of the same name] at Resorts International, a conduit for huge amounts of Mafia money, and at the Fiduciary Trust Company, an offshoot of Investors Overseas Services, headed by the notorious and crooked financier Bernie Cornfeld." (p. 18)
[Image: acid.jpg]

And what about Bernie Cornfeld? Nothing less than sugar daddy to Heidi Fleiss: you can quickly see how this nebulous web of synchronicity starts to add up.
The implications present in Black's book reach to the highest echelons of political power: not only does Black detail the complete history of the CIA's experimentation with LSD in its covert MK-ULTRA project, but we learn that John F. Kennedy's implied mistress, Mary Pinchot, was "turning on" a lot of higher-ups in Washington, D.c. with LSD supplied by Timothy Leary. When Kennedy was assassinated, Pinchot allegedly phoned Leary in a panicked state and said, 'they couldn't control him anymore. He was changing too fast... They've covered everything up." (p. 61). In October 1964, Pinchot was shot to death in a Georgetown apartment in what appeared to be a "professional hit."
The linchpin of Black's book, however, is the "international man of mystery" Ronald Stark. Stark's involvement with LSD trafficking began in the summer of 1969, when he approached the "hippie mafia" the Brotherhood of Eternal Love with an offer to bankroll their activities:
"In his talks with the Brotherhood, Stark impressed them with his knowledge of scams: smuggling drugs in consignments of Japanese electrical equipment, his use of business fronts in West Africa, and moving money through a maze of shell companies set up by his lawyers on various continents.
However, [Stark] projected himself as interested in a lot more than money. He had a mission, he explained, to use LSD in order to facilitate the overthrow of the political systems of both the capitalist West and communist East by inducing altered states of consciousness in millions of people. Stark did not hide the fact that he was well connected in the world of covert politics. He intimated, for example, that he had contacts with the Tibetan freedom fighters loyal to the Dalai Lama and with the Japanese Mafia who could help smuggle LSD into Tibet and dose the Chinese occupiers... however, the Idylwild hippies could not have possibly guessed that Ron Stark operated on four continents and compartmentalized his international activities so that those he did business with - be they American hippies, Lebanese warlords, corporate lawyers, British scientists, Japanese Mafioso or Italian train-bombers - would have little knowledge of his 'other' activities. He could speak ten languages fluently and had the 'bottle' [of LSD], cunning, charm, and knowledge to pass himself off in various situations as a businessman, chemist, doctor, art collector, drug dealer, political activist and even as a Palestinian guerilla." (p. 20-21)
[Image: stark.gif]
Ronald Stark
One of the most interesting sections of the book details Stark's involvement with the "acid gang" responsible for the production of most of the UK's LSD during the 1970's. "Operation Julie" eventually brought the gang down, but the story behind this operation is interesting in its own right. Of all of the characters in Black's book, only the "Julie" chemists Richard Kemp and Christine Bott are as intriguing as Stark: Kemp, once described as a "one in a million brainiac" by a fellow prison inmate, was a Cambridge-educated chemist and left-wing radical who hoped that LSD would inspire societal revolution. Kemp and Bott believed "...industrial society will collapse when the oil runs out and that the answer is to change people's mindsets using acid. They believe LSD can help people to see that a return to a natural society based on self-sufficiency is the only way to save themselves." Kemp was also responsible for a dramatic breakthrough in LSD manufacture, which was responsible for the "Julie" acid being the cleanest and strongest ever seen on a large scale in the UK.
[Image: kemp_bott.jpg]
Kemp and Bott
(taken from Lee & Pratt's Operation Julie)

The web of synchronicity deepens yet again when Kemp's association with the famed DNA co-discoverer Francis Crick is revealed:
"Dick Kemp told me he met Francis Crick at Cambridge. Crick had told him that some Cambridge academics used LSD in tiny amounts as a thinking tool, to liberate them from preconceptions and let their genius wander freely to new ideas. Crick told him he had perceived the double-helix shape while on LSD."
It was clear that Dick Kemp was highly impressed and probably bowled over by what Crick had told him. He told me that if a man like Crick, who had gone to the heart of human existence, had used LSD, then it was worth using. Crick was certainly Dick Kemp's inspiration."
Like Kemp, Stark remains an enigmatic figure throughout the book, and we never get much more than speculation as to who he actually is. Was he a CIA asset? Scion of an ultra-wealthy family? Between Stark's connections to radical groups on four continents (a mind-boggling list that includes the Weather Underground and the IRA) it is difficult to imagine that Stark was not an intelligence asset of some sort: he appeared to operate above the law. At the same time, he evidently exhibited some fuzzy political sympathies that definitely leaned in the direction of "One World Universalism." Stark's apparent tendency to latch on to "convenient" causes is all too indicative of someone operating as an agent of an Illuminati-type organization: if he did have a political agenda, it was certainly a bit more obtuse and sophisticated than anything revolving around simple "national liberation". Black also infers that Stark maintained connections to the P-2 Masonic Lodge in Italy, but the extent of his involvement is not clear.
Perhaps Stark's political orientation can be distilled from one of his few known influences: Robert Heinlein's The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress:
"He saw it as a revolutionary 'handbook', every bit as inspirational as the writings of Che Guevara. Heinlein's novel, a hard-boiled political fairytale set in the year 2075, is about a penal colony on the Moon. The million inhabitants - who are housed in huge domes containing artificial atmospheres - are either Earth deportees or their descendents. They cannot return because once their bodies adapt to the Moon's gravity they can never readapt to the gravity of Earth. This lunar prison is brutally administered by a United Nations-appointed governor, who the revolutionaries try to overthrow. One of them, a character called 'the Prof', explains:
'...revolutions are not won by enlisting the masses. Revolution is a science for the few who are competent to practice it. It depends on correct organisation and above all, on communications.'
The conspiracy starts with three eople... these three in turn recruit two other people to form three new cells. This recruitment process continues until a large network of cells is built up. The advantage of the structure is that if cell members do not know each other's sub-cells, then they cannot give them away if captured. The drawback is that if a single cadre is arrested and cannot resist interrogation, then the enemy can arrest the half-a-dozen comrades he or she knows and thus reach the sub-cells. This, it becomes possible for the authorities to break the revolutionaries' chain of command and communications.
A more sophisticated system discussed in Heinlein's book is a pyramid-of-pyramids setup - a sort of 'Internet' without the computers:
'Where vertices are common, each bloke knows one in an an adjoining cell... Communications never break down because they run sideways as well as up and down. Something like a neural net.'
Damage can be stemmed and repaired because the cell member who discovers a breach in the network can pass warnings without having to know who receives the messages.
The notion of revolutionary organisation as an imitation of a 'natural' and 'organic' hierarchy is not new. Historically, August Blanqui, the most accomplished revolutionary conspirator in 19th century France, had very similar ideas about revolutionary organisation. In Heinlein's futuristic vision, however, the notion is given a neat twist: the conspiracy is helped by a miraculous super-computer, which is so powerful and complex that it 'wakes up' and becomes 'self-conscious'. The computer develops a sense of 'humour' about the 'stupidity' of the colonial administration, plus a 'rational will' to overthrow them.
The conspirators use the computer to set up front companies and fraudulently appropriate funds on the terrestrial stock exchanges. They then use the money to set up secret facilities for development of revolutionary war technology. In this scenario, then Big Brother's Brain, a scientific rationality, can be detached from ruling class control and harnessed to the revolution.
As a 'rational anarchist', the Prof believes that the concept of the State has no existence except as 'physicall exemplified in the acts of self-responsible individuals.' This implies that collaboration with the state is justifiable as a disguise within the strategy of systematic deception of everyone apart from those who are required to be 'in the know' for particular functions.
Stark's keen interest in these ideas is perhaps a pointer to his modus operandi. And if he really did think of himself as a revolutionary who could make use of state agencies and capitalist technology on his own terms, he was not unique in the history of politics. In the 1840's, Pierre Proudhon, a founding father of French socialism (and opponent of Blanqui), dismissed the problem of secret police spies and provocateurs in his movement. Such actions, he claimed, were 'irrelevant' to someone such as himself: a 'new man... whose style is not the barricades but discussion, a man who could sit at a table with the chief of police each evening and take all the spies in the world into his confidence.'
In Ron Stark's case, operating very much in the 20th century, political activism went far beyond discussion. Whilst he could sit at all sorts of tables, he had a certain liking for barricades as well.' (p. 149-151)
In a more base sense, the highly intelligent Stark was probably just
having quite a bit of fun: between leading his jet set lifestyle (which included a Manhattan apartment replete with original Picasso paintings), setting up front companies to facilitate the manufacture of LSD, and inhabiting a social milieu replete with the most colorful "characters" that one could imagine, his life was certainly worthy of fiction. Stark was clearly motivated by profit, but if he could justify his actions with idealism, then all the better. Idealism mixed with lucre finds its most potent expression in the drug ideologue: yes, he's helping people find God, but he's also a capitalist.
In close, Black's book comes with my highest recommendation: not only is the subject matter fascinating, but it's a first-rate piece of journalism. What follows is Black's own synopsis of the book from Lobster Magazine:
-~-~-~-~-~-~-
Operation Julie revisited: the strange career of Ron Stark, parapolitical alchemist
David Black
Operation Julie, a nation-wide police investigation of LSD production, was launched in 1976. Two years later, although some 60 members of the British 'microdot conspiracy' had been convicted, Detective Inspector Dick 'Leapy' Lee was dissatisfied. The operational commander of 'Julie', Lee was interested in the international connections of the network, but was blocked from probing them by the powers-that-be. One major player he was especially interested in, New Yorker Ronald Stark, was suspected of having CIA connections.
Ron Stark (1938-84) was first convicted in 1962 for making a false job application for government service and imprisoned for parole violation. Between 1967, when his net wealth was recorded as $3000, and 1968, Stark somehow became a millionaire and moved to a flash residence in Greenwich Village. To some he claimed he to be the scion of the super-rich Whitney family; to others he was the son of a rich bi-chemist. Stark spoke of having studied biochemistry at various Ivy League universities and of having quit a top secret post at the Department of Defense during the Kennedy administration because the work 'disgusted' him. One scientist who knew Stark says he claimed to have been attached to the CIA 'mind control' project - later revealed as MKULTRA.(1)

The Brotherhood of Eternal Love
Stark had world-wide business interests in pharmaceuticals. Behind his various 'legit' fronts, by 1969 he had become one of the world's leading suppliers of LSD, produced at his illicit labs in Europe. Stark also plugged himself into the counter-culture. In America he hooked up with the Brotherhood of Eternal Love (BEL), a Californian motorcycle gang who had transformed themselves, under the influence of LSD and the inspiration of Timothy Leary, into a registered 'church'. By 1969, the BEL had a sizeable share of the market for a less godly, but hugely lucrative business, LSD and marijuana.(2)
The BEL were short of materials and the capital investment needed to continue LSD production,when, in August 1969, Ron Stark visited their commune with a large bottle of pure liquid LSD, enough for up to ten million trips, and explained that he needed a secure outlet in the US for the LSD he was producing in Europe. He also declared his intention of facilitating the overthrow of both Western capitalism and Eastern Communism by inducing altered states of consciousness in millions of people and claimed that he had a contact with the Dalai Lama's Tibetan freedom fighters and could get the Japanese mafia to smuggle LSD to dose the Chinese occupiers.(3)
The authors of Acid Dreams, Martin and Lee and Bruce Shlain, note that Ron Stark's 'fateful appearance at the Idylwild ranch', coincided with certain 'unpleasant changes'. Some of the old guard had to 'retire' after skirmishes with the law, notably Stanley Owsley, the maker of 'Orange Sunshine', his protg, Tim Skully (who had originally wanted to give acid away free), and superbrat, Bill Mellon-Hitchcock, the BEL's money-launderer. Not long after Stark turned up, BEL founder, 'Farmer John' Griggs died of poisoning in circumstances his friends regarded as suspicious.(4)

Stark in Britain
Before clinching the deal with the BEL, Stark had been making some contacts in England among the radical psychiatry movement of R.D. Laing and the Tavistock Institute. One of these was David Solomon, an American researcher and writer on LSD and cannabis. Solomon had been working with Richard Kemp, a drop-out science student, and his partner, Dr. Christine Bott, to synthesize some powerful liquid cannabis. Solomon had also obtained a supply of the LSD base, ergotamine tartrate, for a shot at LSD production, and Kemp managed to make some at a makeshift lab in Liverpool.
Shortly after meeting Stark in Cambridge in Summer 1969, Solomon invited Kemp to come meet 'a man with a million dollar inheritance'. Stark convened a meeting at the Oxford and Cambridge Club on London's Pall Mall with Kemp, Simon Walton, Stark's Scots assistant, plus Solomon and his friend Paul Arnaboldi (then famous as 'Captain Bounty' in the TV chocolate ad). The Great British LSD Plot was thus hatched within weeks of Stark's first meeting with the Brotherhood in California. Stark also introduced Kemp to the Brotherhood's chemists, Nick Sand and Lester Freidman. Kemp was soon working wonders at Stark's lab in Paris and in the first run turned out a kilo of LSD.(5)
In May 1970 Kemp and Stark, with the BEL's chemists, held talks lasting four days on the future of the 'Atlantic Brotherhood'. Kemp was unhappy. He had been assigned to work on a new project to synthesize THC to make a new brand of liquid cannabis as strong as LSD and as cheap to produce. But money promised was not forthcoming, Stark discouraged visits by Kemp's partner Christine Bott, and Kemp felt 'sexually harassed' by the bi-sexual Stark. Worse, Kemp had been pulled up by British Customs during a trip with Walton from France in Stark's Ferrari to buy equipment. During a search of the car, the Customs had found documentation of a massive purchase of the LSD base, ergotamine tartrate, but failed to see its significance.(6)
When Stark moved his laboratory from Paris to Orleans, he claimed he had been warned about an impending raid on the lab when, 'by chance', he ran into an old pal who worked with the CIA station in London. By this time Kemp had had enough and decided to quit working with Stark. He returned to England in late 1970 and teamed up with Henry Todd, an accountant recruited by David Solomon. In mid-1971, as production began in Britain and the distribution network was being set up, Stark crossed the Channel in one last attempt to dissuade Kemp from branching out independently.(7)
When differences between the 'idealist' Kemp and the 'bread-head' Todd became unresolvable - Todd wanted to dilute the elixir to boost profts - it was decided to split into two independent networks. Todd centred his operation on the Thames Valley, while Kemp and Christine Bott moved out of London to North Wales and set up a lab with Paul Arnaboldi at Plas Llysin near Carno.(8) Amazingly, for the first half of the seventies, the British Acid Underground - thanks to to Stark's role as catalyst - happily churned out hundreds of millions of tabs to satisfied customers, without anyone in authority realising how big the business had become.

The BEL scatters
Following a series of raids on the BEL in America, by early 1973 the authorities estimated that some 20 members were in hiding or in exile - including Stark. Timothy Leary ended up in Afghanistan, after fleeing the US, but the US Embassy evidently knew he was coming and got the Afghan authorities to deport him back to the USA. Ron Stark visited Afghanistan at least once with a plan to set up BEL facilities for making hallucinogenic THC derivative from Afghan hash oil. Thanks to Kemp's efforts, Stark had worked out the first eight of the fourteen stages of the THC synthesis. Stark had a minister of the Afghan regime in his pocket to set up a penicillin factory as a front, and a 'contact' with the US embassy: the BEL's chief hash supplier in Kabul, Aman Tokhi, worked there as a 'maintenance supervisor'.(9)
Stark had taken over Bill Mellon-Hitchock's role in the BEL of money-launderer and procurer of LSD production materials. In 1972 Stark's lawyer in Paris, Sam Goekjian, who had drawn up the charters for Stark's front companies, was investigated by IRS agents and asked about Stark's BEL connections. The DEA, who had just rolled-up much of the BEL network in the US, organised a follow-up raid on Stark's Belgian laboratory on the campus of Louvain le Neuve, near Brussels, but Stark escaped, spiriting away the BEL's investments for his own purposes.(10)

An Inspector Lee calls
In November 1974 Inspector 'Leapy' Lee,(11) who had been running Operation STUFF (Stop Unlawful Free Festivals) in Thames Valley, began to have doubts about the official view on LSD use. According to the Home Office, annual seizures of 20,000 tabs means that 'the use of LSD in Britain was restricted to a small number of people'. Lee approached the Central Drugs Intelligence Unit (CDIU), who 'denied having any information which showed LSD to be a problem'. It would take Lee another three years to fully discover that 'since 1970 an illicit organization had been manufacturing around 20,000,000 tiny LSD tablets [a year] and selling them to two-thirds of the world'.(12)
After his arrest in 1977, Richard Kemp insisted that all of the links between the British networks and the BEL had been broken in 1970. 'Leapy' Lee, however, knew that Ron Stark had passed through London in Spring 1973 while on the run from US authorities and had obtained a false passport here.(13) Lee wanted to find out more but was blocked from on high; possibly, he suspected, to prevent questions arising as to why action hadn't been taken years earlier. He had learned that the Home Office drugs inspectorate had submitted a report as early as 1971 which noted the exports of tartrate to America from Britain and furthermore suggested that LSD microdots seized across the world 'originated from one common source which, in all probability, was somewhere in Britain.'

First hints of the Welsh connection
In Spring 1975, when evidence began to point towards an LSD supply source in Wales, Lee learned that the Central Drugs Intelligence Unit had been withholding information from him on 'a number of leads pointing to an LSD conspiracy in the United Kingdom....the information had been withheld from all drug squads except the Metropolitan.' Lee learned that a year previously Dectective Inspectors Godfrey and O'Hanlon of the CDIU had travelled to Canada to hear Kemp's former tableteer, Gerry Thomas, name Kemp, Bott and Solomon as LSD con-spirators. On returning, O'Hanlon was suspended and subsequently sentenced to eight years imprisonment for corruption. D.I. Godfrey did initiate an investigation of a trip by Solomon to Switzerland to meet Leary; but, in Lee's words, the Met then 'botched' a raid on Solomon's London home and missed some documents he had concerning Leary's secret negotiations over a contract for his book On the Run. Godfrey and CDIU lost track of Richard Kemp and Christine Bott.(14)
Lee discovered that an investigation as far back as 1971 had been getting near the truth but had collapsed when the gang under surveillance by the Thames Valley Squad and Customs were robbed of money and drugs by officers of the Met.! According to Detective Constable Martyn Pritchard of the Julie squad, the 1971 investigation did reveal enough to register suspicions 'that a big LSD factory was in business.'(15)

Cue the spooks
That the security services regarded LSD as an issue of 'national security' was confirmed when Lee began to follow leads on Ron Stark and discovered that the security services had been on the trail before him. When Lee went to see the security services about the loan of some high-tech surveillance equipment, he briefed them on 'the suspected international level of LSD trafficking and, more particularly, the probable involvement of terrorist groups like Baader-Meinhof and the Angry Brigade'. Lee had noticed that the network he was investigating had 'a cell-like structure similar to that used by terrorist groups'. Lee was referring to the system of pre-arranged meetings places and dead letter-box drops in tins buried under trees to deliver the LSD to the distributors and collect payment.(16)
Lee had begun to suspect terrorist connections when, during surveillance of the Let-It-Be Commune in Wiltshire, a car used by a dealer suspected of working for the LSD network turned out to have been 'linked' in some (unspecified) way to the West German Red Army faction. A check on an associate of the distribution network in Wales showed him to be 'an associate of the Angry Brigade'. Although none of those arrested in Operation Julie were charged with political offences, the supposed 'terrorist connection' did emerge in the pre-trial press coverage. The Daily Mirror ran a piece on how Kemp and his colleagues were 'allegedly' preparing to put LSD into the water supply.(17) Documents from police files on the defendants' alleged political views were also circulated to the media. Richard Kemp, for example, was described as a 'left-wing revolutionary ... his motive for suspected acid activity: a catalyst of British revolution by youth brought on by the use of LSD'. Kemp told the police that he had supported festivals such as Windsor and Glastonbury and had given money to Release, the drugs legal help-line, and had supported 'Head politics' (but refused to name which groups).(18)
In fact the only drug dealers of an significance during this period with terrorist 'connections' of whom we know were Howard Marks - through the maverick Irish 'republican' Jim McCann - and Ron Stark. According to Tendler and May's book on the BEL, FBI reports passed on to the DEA in California and to the British police 'only showed what Stark was not, not what he actually was'. Inspector Lee's informant, 'Nancy', 'strongly suspected that Stark was involved with the CIA and had friends in the American Embassy'.(19)
In 1972 Hamilton Macmillan, an MI6 officer and nephew of the former Tory Prime Minister, recruited Howard Marks, his old chum from Balliol College, Oxford, to spy on Jim McCann, a hash smuggler whom MI6 believed was a Provisional IRA contact in Amsterdam. Macmillan gave no indication that he knew Marks was already doing business with McCann, or that he knew Marks' name and address had turned up in the address book of arrested IRA volunteer, Dutch Doherty. (The address had been passed onto Doherty by McCann). MI6 did not appear to realise that the IRA had rejected McCann's efforts to involve them in drugs and that he was using his contacts with republican activists to boost his credibility as a smuggler.(20) Macmillan's scheme went awry when Marks decided to let McCann in on the secret of his 'deal' with MI6. (MI6's admitted involvement later sank the prosecutions of both men.) When the police learned of Marks' operation after his disappearance in 1974, they suspected that until 1973 he had been dealing with the BEL, and from then on with its remnants.
Ron Stark was not far from Marks' and McCann's scene. In 1971 McCann had taken two American journalists from the London-based 'head' magazine, Frendz, to Belfast, and, while showing them round, tried to fire-bomb Queens University and got them all arrested and charged. It was one of the Americans, Alan Marcuson, who subsequently put McCann in touch with Marks through another old Oxford friend, Graham Plinston.(21) In London, Stark, who was sniffing around radical circles, contacted the solicitor representing the American pair. He expressed some interest in McCann and promised financial support, which never came to anything.(22) Stark was thus poking his nose into the Marks-McCann operation nearly two years before MI6's Macmillan recruited Howard Marks.

The questions asked but not answered
Stark was in prison in Italy in 1977 when Macmillan was posted to the British Embassy in Rome. Macmillan would have been in an ideal position at the MI6 station there to help Lee obtain the documents seized by the Italian police when they arrested Stark in 1975.(23) But the papers didn't arrive until a year after Lee made the request, by which time his investigation was being wound up. Stark's papers included formulas for the synthesis of LSD and THC, some of which were identical to Kemp's; documents on the BEL's tartrate dealings in England; letters to Stark at his laboratory in Belgium from Charles Adams, an 'economic counsellor' at the American embassy in London; and draft letters from Stark to Wendy Hansen, American vice-counsel in Florence which discussed the possibility of a coup in Italy (for which, he said, conditions, were not yet ripe).(24)
This raises this question: if Stark, the catalyst of the British LSD explosion, was an American asset, would his agency have allowed him to break the law and endanger the national security of America's most senior partner in NATO? The answer might be 'yes' if the agency had a joint covert operation with their British counterparts - say in the area of 'counter-terrorism' - which was important enough to justify the risks. Stark was in prison in Italy from 1975-79 following his involvement with a gang of drug-dealing fascist terrorists. But he rubbed shoulders in prison with leading members of the Red Brigades, while maintaining contact with secret intelligence agencies on the outside. He is suspected by some of involvement in the Moro kidnapping.
In 1979 Stark appealed against his 14 year sentence. According to the judge who granted him bail and thus allowed him to flee Italy, 'an impressive series of scrupulously enumerated proofs' suggested 'that from 1960 onwards Stark belonged to the American secret services' and had 'entered the Middle East drug world in order to infiltrate armed organisations operating in that area and gain contacts and information about European terrorist groups' - a statement which raises as many questions as it answers.(25)

Notes
1. Stewart Tendler and David May, Brotherhood of Eternal Love- From Flower Power to Hippie Mafia; the Story of the LSD Counterculture, Panther, London 1984 pp. 174-5; Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain, Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD and the Sixties Rebellion, Groven Weidenfeld, New York, 1985 p. 249; Martin A. Lee, 'Rasputin of LSD' in National Reporter, Fall 1988;Dick Lee and Colin Pratt, Operation Julie, W.H. Allen, London 1978 p. 71
2. Tendler and May, op. cit. pp. 174-5
3. Lee and Shlain op. cit. p. 248
4. Lee and Shlain op. cit. pp. 245-6; Tendler and May op. cit. p. 160. See also Timothy Leary's Flashbacks - an Autobiography, 1983.
5. Lee and Pratt op. cit. p. 350; Tendler and May op. cit. pp. 177-82. Lee and Shlain (p. 288) mistakenly credit Kemp rather than Stark with having produced the kilo Stark took to Idlywild. In fact Stark and Kemp barely met and didn't begin working together on LSD until the end of 1969.
6. Lee and Pratt op. cit. p. 377
7. Tendler and May op. cit .p. 186; Lee and Pratt op. cit. p. 337
8. Ibid. p. 50
9. Tendler and May op. cit. p. 230
10. Ibid. pp. 171
11. For those without a detailed memory of pop trivia, a 'Leapy Lee' had one hit record in Britain around this time. Hence Lee's nickname.
12. Lee and Pratt op. cit. pp. 12-18
13. Ibid. p. 290
14. Ibid p. 47. See also Cox, Shirley and Short, The Fall of Scotland Yard, Penguin, 1977.
15. Martyn Pritchard and Ed Laxton, Busted!, Mirror Books, London, 1978
16. Lee and Pratt op. cit. p. 100
17. The Leveller April 1978
18. Lee and Pratt op. cit. p. 290.
19. Ibid p. 337
20. David Leigh, High Times, Heinemann, London 1984, p. 68
21. Ibid. pp. 40-50
22. Tendler and May, op. cit. p. 274
23. Jonathan Bloch and Patrick Fitzgerald, British Intelligence and Covert Action, Brandon, Kerry, Ireland, 1983, pp. 223-5 and 258
24. Lee and Pratt op. cit p. 334; Philip Willan, The Puppet-Masters: the Political Use of Terrorism in Italy, Constable, London, 199, p. 312.
25. Willan, op. cit.p. 309; Lee and Shalin op. cit. p. 281; Martin A. Lee in National Reporter, Fall 1988
http://w3.cultdeadcow.com/cms/2005/12/a-...iew-o.html
Excerpts from Acid Dreams
The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, The Sixties, and Beyond
Authors: Martin A. Lee, Bruce Shlain
Publisher: Grove Press
Date: 1985
Pages 213 - 215
Quote:As it turned out, Scully served a longer jail term than any other person associated
with the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. At least twenty members of the Brotherhood
chose the fugitive route while drug charges were pending against them. One of those
who vanished was Ronald Stark, the mysterious entrepreneur who had assumed a
commanding role in the illicit acid trade. In November 1972 a team of IRS and BNDD
agents visited his drug lab in Brussels, but Stark was nowhere to be found. He was
later indicted—but never prosecuted—as a co-conspirator in the Sand-Scully case.
The fact that Stark was wanted on a drug rap in the US hardly put a damper on his
international escapades. He spent much of his time in Italy during the 1970S,
cavorting with Sicilian Mafiosi, secret service officials, and political extremists of the
far left and far right. Stark's antics took him far afield. Occasionally he traveled to
the Baalbek region of Lebanon, where he negotiated with a Shiite Muslim sect for
shiploads of hashish. Stark claimed to be a business representative of Imam Moussa
Sadr, a powerful Shiite warlord who controlled vast hashish plantations and a private
army of 6,000 men. The area under his dominion was said to include training camps
used by the Palestine Liberation Organization and other terrorist groups.

Back in Italy, Stark rented a small apartment in Florence. But he rarely stayed there,
preferring the posh hotels of Rome, Milan, Bologna and other cities. By day he
carried on as a smooth and successful businessman. At night he donned a pair of
faded blue jeans and a work shirt and mingled with student radicals and other
extremists. Moving in left-wing circles was nothing new for Ronald Stark. He had a
knack for popping up wherever trouble was brewing. An American expatriate bumped
into him on the streets of Paris during the peak of the Sorbonne uprising in 1968. In
London he frequented the clubs and bars that were hangouts for dissident elements,
and he made his first appearance in Milan during the "hot autumn" of 1969, when
massive student demonstrations and labor strikes nearly paralyzed Italy.
Furthermore, Stark was tight with the Brotherhood leaders who contributed money
to the Weather Underground for Timothy Leary's prison escape.
Whatever game Stark was playing took an abrupt turn in February 1975 when Italian
police received an anonymous phone call about a man selling drugs in a hotel in
Bologna. A few days later at the Grand Hotel Baglioni they arrested a suspect in
possession of 4,600 kilos of marijuana, morphine, and cocaine. The suspect carried a
British passport bearing the name Mr. Terrence W. Abbott. Italian investigators soon
discovered that "Mr. Abbott" was actually Ronald Stark. Among his belongings was
the key to a safe deposit box in Rome that contained documents on the manufacture
of LSD and a synthetic version of cocaine. There was also a vial of liquid that
scientists could not precisely identify (they figured it was something like LSD). Other
items seized by police included letters from a certain Charles C. Adams written on
stationery with the letterhead of the American embassy in London. The messages
from Adams, a foreign service officer, began with a confidential "Dear Ron," and
were addressed to Stark's drug laboratory in Brussels, which had been raided in the
fall of 1972 by a team of American agents.
If Stark's contacts with American embassy personnel were difficult to fathom, then
his association with some of Italy's most notorious terrorists was equally curious. In
the spring of 1976, while he was being held in Don Bosco prison in Pisa, Stark
befriended Renato Curcio, a top leader of the Red Brigades that had stalked Italy
since the early 1970S. Curcio and his radical cohorts apparently had no idea that
Stark was an American when they took him into their confidence. As soon as he
succeeded in penetrating the underground terrorist network, Stark asked prison
officials to arrange a meeting with the chief prosecutor of Pisa. He said that Curcio
had told him of a plot to assassinate Judge Francesco Coco of Genoa, who was
scheduled to preside over a trial of fifty Red Brigadesmen. There was also talk of
abducting a prominent Italian politician who lived in Rome. In June 1976 Judge Coco
was murdered, just as Stark predicted. (Aldo Moro, five times Italy's premier, may
have been the other victim. Stark's name would later surface in connection with the
Moro kidnapping and execution.)
Transferred to a jail in Bologna, Stark continued to expand his terrorist contacts.
During this period he received a steady flow of visitors from the British and American
consulates. (Curiously, the US government never pressed for his extradition, even
though he was wanted on drug charges related to the Brotherhood of Eternal Love.)
Stark also communicated on a regular basis with representatives of the Libyan
diplomatic corps and had a series of meetings with Italian secret service personnel.
Documents show that he was in direct contact with General Vito Miceli, who received
$800/000 from the CIA during the early 1970S while serving as chief of Italian
military intelligence. Miceli was later implicated in a series of neo-fascist coup
attempts in Italy.

It was quite a juggling act, to be sure, and a judge in Bologna eventually sentenced
Stark to fourteen years' imprisonment and a $60,000 fine for drug trafficking. At his
appeals trial Stark changed identities once again, this time passing himself off as
"Khouri Ali," a radical Palestinian. In fluent Arabic he spelled out the details of his
autobiography, explaining that he was part of an international terrorist organization
headquartered in Lebanon, called "Group 14." Stark's appeal failed, and he was sent
back to jail. But Italian police took a renewed interest in his case after they captured
Enrique Paghera, another terrorist leader who knew Stark. At the time of his arrest
Paghera was holding a hand-drawn map of a PLO camp in Lebanon. The map,
Paghera confessed, had come from Stark, who also provided a coded letter of
introduction. The objective, according to Paghera, was to forge a link with a terrorist
organization that was planning to attack embassies.
In June 1978 Graziano Gori, a magistrate in Bologna, was assigned to investigate
and clarify Stark's ties to the US, the Arabs, Italian terrorists, and other mysteries. A
few weeks later Gori was killed in a car accident. The Italian government
subsequently charged Stark with "armed banditry" for his role in aiding and abetting
terrorist activities. But he never stood trial on these charges. True to form, Stark
dropped out of sight shortly after he was released from prison in April 1979 on
orders from Judge Giorgio Floridia in Bologna. The judge's decision was
extraordinary: he released Stark because of "an impressive series of scrupulously
enumerated proofs" that Stark was actually a CIA agent. "Many circumstances
suggest that from 1960 onwards Stark belonged to the American secret services,"
Floridia stated.
The facts about Ronald Stark raise more questions than they answer. Was he a CIA
operative throughout his drug dealing days? Or was the espionage link merely the
work of a brilliant con artist who played both ends off the middle to his own
advantage? An Italian parliamentary commission recently issued a lengthy report on
domestic terrorism that included a section called "The Case of Ronald Stark." The
commission asserted that Stark was an adventurer who was used by the CIA. But
proof as to exactly when his espionage exploits began is hard to pin down. If Stark
was connected to the CIA from 1960 on, as Judge Floridia suggested, then the entire
Brotherhood operation, with its far-flung smuggling and financial networks, must be
reinterpreted. "It could have been that he was employed by an American intelligence
agency that wanted to see more psychedelic drugs on the street," Scully
acknowledged. "Then again, he might have tricked the CIA, just like he fooled
everyone else."
Reflecting upon the sixties, a surprising number of counterculture veterans endorsed
the notion that the CIA disseminated street acid en masse so as to deflate the
political potency of the youth rebellion. "LSD makes people less competent,"
contends William Burroughs. "You can see their motivation for turning people on.
Very often it's not necessary to give it more than just a little push. Make it available
and the news media takes it up, and there it is. They don't have to stick their necks
out very much."

Pages 218 -219
Quote:But there's still the puzzling saga of Ronald Stark, which begs for some kind of
explanation. How does one distinguish between an international confidence trickster
and a deep-cover spy when both professions are based on pretense and deception?
Stark was a man who thrived in a clandestine netherworld where "facts are wiped
out by artifacts," as Norman Mailer wrote of the espionage meta-physic, and "every
truth is obliged to live in its denial." He appeared on the psychedelic scene like a
meteor and produced more acid than any other underground source from 1969
through 1972. While pursuing his exploits as an LSD chemist, he communicated on a
regular basis with American embassy personnel, and on numerous occasions he
hinted of ties with the intelligence community. At one point he told an associate that
he shut down his LSD laboratory in France on a tip from the CIA. He also haunted
the radical fringes of Paris, London, and Milan during the heyday of the youth
rebellion.

What does it all mean? Was Stark a hired provocateur or a fanatical guerrilla capable
of reconciling bombs and LSD? When did the CIA learn of his role as a drug dealer,
and was his activity tolerated because he passed information on the counterculture
and the radical left to the Agency?* Although it is highly improbable that the CIA
would have gotten involved in trafficking street acid as a matter of policy, it's not at
all certain that stopping the flow of black market LSD was a particular priority either.
Perhaps the best explanation is that certain CIA officials were willing to condone
Stark's exploits in the drug trade as long as he functioned as an informant.
Stark's name surfaced once again in 1982 when he was arrested in Holland on
charges of trafficking hashish, cocaine, and heroin. The following year he was
deported without fanfare to the United States, where he was still wanted on drug
charges stemming from the Brotherhood of Eternal Love conspiracy case. The entire
matter was handled so discreetly that the press never learned of his return. Stark
spent a few months in a San Francisco jail until charges were dropped by the US
Justice Department, which claimed that too many years had passed to prosecute the
case. In December 1984 he died of a heart attack, leaving others to ponder his
ambiguous legacy.
Above all Ronald Stark remains an extraordinary international enigma. "A genius, but
a tortured soul"—that was how an Italian magistrate described him. Even if he was
never anything more than a brilliant private operator, his remarkable career
illustrates the tangled web of espionage, crime, and extremist politics that is so
much a part of the secret history of LSD—a story as wild and perplexing as the drug
itself. Indeed, as Hunter Thompson wrote, "History is hard to know, because of all
the hired bullshit, but even without being sure of 'history' it seems entirely
reasonable to think that every now and then the energy of a whole generation comes
to a head in a long fine flash, for reasons that nobody really understands at the
time—and which never explain, in retrospect, what actually happened."
* The CIA’s continuing interest in the illicit drug trade is indicated in a once-classified document dated
March 24, 1969—a few months before Stark joined the Brotherhood. The document refers to the CIA’s
liaison with the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs: "It appears that the activities of the BNDD,
ongoing and planned, could under the appropriate arrangements provide valuable information to the
Agency in new drug effects, drug abuse and drug traffic areas. For this reason they will be followed very
closely."
Looks like Stark was Their made man....

Quote:In 1975, the Rockefeller Commission reported that the CIA had been testing LSD since the 1950s -- only to discover that the drug's effects were too unpredictable to make it a reliable tool for mind control. Still, given what the CIA knew about LSD at this early date, it doesn't seem inconceivable that the CIA may have hoped that greater availability of the powerful drug would undermine the political effectiveness of the student movement and counterculture.

Evidence of the possible strategic use of LSD emerged in 1979, when Italian magistrate Giorgio Floridia issued a report on the case of Ronald Stark, who had been arrested in Bologna for drug trafficking in 1975. The magistrate ordered Stark's release on the grounds that he had been working for U.S. intelligence since 1960. From 1969-1974, Stark was a major producer of LSD, with factories first in Paris, then in Belgium and California, and a pipeline into the Brotherhood of Eternal Love, the world's largest distributor.

Floridia cited Stark's frequent prison visits from Wendy M. Hansen at the U.S. consulate in Florence, "Dear Ron" letters from Charles C. Adams at the U.S. embassy in London, addressed to Stark's LSD lab in Brussels (these were seized by Italian police after his arrest), and his links with Philip B. Taylor III at the U.S. consulate in Rome. (Taylor is now in Sao Paulo, Brazil.) According to Floridia, Stark had done secret work for the Defense Department from 1960 to 1962, and had received "periodic payments to him from Fort Lee, known to be the site of a CIA office." On his release, Stark was ordered to report in to Italian police twice a week. But within days, Stark had left the country. Bologna police believe that Stark was secretly flown from a NATO air base in Pisa or Vicenza.

In 1984 an Italian parliamentary commission issued a report on domestic terrorism that included a section on Ronald Stark. They concluded that Stark was an adventurer who was used by the CIA, but were unable to determine when the association began. In 1982, Stark was arrested in Holland. Charges were dropped the following year, and Stark was deported to a San Francisco jail, where pending federal charges were dropped by the Justice Department. When Italy requested extradition in 1984, U.S. officials sent a death certificate indicating that Stark had died of a heart attack.

Way back in 1969, Stark first approached the Brotherhood, wowing them with a kilogram of pure LSD (more than they had ever seen), and claiming that he had a new, efficient production method. Stark's lab in France was already a going concern, and the Brotherhood agreed to distribute his product. When Stark shut down this lab in 1971 and opened a better one in Brussels, he boasted that he had done so because of a timely tip from the CIA. In all, Stark made 20 kilograms of LSD, enough for 50 million doses. Most of it was sold in the U.S. There's no proof that Stark was anything more than an adventurer and an opportunist. But Carl Oglesby, former national president of Students for a Democratic Society, sums up the Stark phenomenon as follows:

What we have to contemplate nevertheless is the possibility that the great American acid trip, no matter how distinctive of the rebellion of the 1960s it came to appear, was in fact the result of a despicable government conspiracy.... If U.S. intelligence bodies collaborated in an effort to drug an entire generation of Americans, then the reason they did so was to disorient it, sedate it and de-politicize it.[9]

Excerpt from: Pipe Dreams: the CIA, Drugs, and the Media
by Daniel Brandt and Steve Badrich
From NameBase NewsLine, No. 16, January-March 1997

http://www.namebase.org/news16.html