Paul Rigby Wrote:

R.K. Locke Wrote:Jim MacGregor and Gerry Docherty have a blog that is worth reading:

https://firstworldwarhiddenhistory.wordpress.com/

Fascinating stuff from the above. The most recent entry is well worth a read:

https://firstworldwarhiddenhistory.wordpress.com/2015/03/18/gallipoli-8-trouble-with-russia/

Anglo-French double-dealing with respect to Russia & Constantinople is alluded to below:

http://thesaker.is/islam-and-russias-tryst-with-destiny-by-sheikh-imran-n-hosein/

Islam and Russia's Tryst with Destiny by Sheikh Imran N. Hosein

13 December 2014

At approx 28 minutes in, the speaker makes exactly the point about Constantinople made by MacGregor & Docherty:

[video=youtube_share;2HidSGE_3BM]http://youtu.be/2HidSGE_3BM[/video]

Quote:The truth about Gallipoli has, unlike its victims, been buried deep. Historians like Peter Hart who describe it as "an idiocy generated by muddled thinking"1 are justified in their anger, but not their conclusions. The campaign was conceived in London as a grotesque, Machiavellian strategy to fool the Russians into believing that Britain was attempting to capture Constantinople for them. The paradox of its failure lay in its success. Gallipoli was purposefully designed to fail.

A secret cabal of immensely rich and powerful men the Secret Elite was formed in England in 1891 with the explicit aim of expanding the British Empire across the entire globe. They planned a European war to destroy Germany as an economic, industrial and imperial competitor and, to that end, drew France then Russia into an alliance termed the Entente Cordiale. Their massive land armies were needed to crush Germany. France would be rewarded with Alsace and Lorraine, while Russia was conned into believing she would get Constantinople.2 Thereafter, seizing the Ottoman capital became a "widespread obsession, bordering on panic" in St Petersburg.3

Had Britain encouraged the friendship of Turkey in 1914, the disaster of Gallipoli would never have happened.4The Turks generally disliked the Germans and their growing influence,5 and made three separate attempts to ally with Britain. They were rebuffed on each occasion.6 They also pleaded in vain with the French to accept them as an ally,7 and protect them against their old enemy, Russia.8 Poor fools. The French and British alliance with Russia was at the expense of the Turks, not an alliance with the Turks to save them from Russia. Britain and France planned to carve up the oil rich Ottoman Empire. To that end, the Turks had to be pushed into the German camp and defeated.

In July 1914 the majority of the Turkish cabinet was still well disposed towards Britain,9 but their faith was shattered by the seizure of two battleships being built for them in England. As an essay in provocation it was breathtaking.10 "If Britain wanted deliberately to incense the Turks and drive them into the Kaiser's arms she could not have chosen more effective means."11 Winston Churchill (a loyal servant of the Secret Elite) seized the dreadnoughts because they were "vital to Britain's naval predominance."12 The truth ran much deeper.

Back in February, Russia laid plans for her Black Sea fleet to take Constantinople by landing 127,500 troops and heavy artillery from Odessa. Arrival of the dreadnoughts from England would destroy this plan.13 Russia's Foreign Minister Sazonov issued a thinly veiled warning to London on 30 July: "It is a matter of the highest degree of importance that… these ships must be retained in England."14 Fearful that Russia would renege on her commitment to war should the ships be released, the Secret Elite withheld them. It kept Russia on board and helped drive Turkey into the German camp (they signed a treaty on 2 August), but it created a major problem. How to prevent the Russian Black Sea fleet from seizing Constantinople? Two German warships provided the answer. On 4 August, while off the coast of Algeria, the battle cruiser Goeben and attendant light cruiser Breslau received orders to head for Constantinople.

Vastly outnumbered (73 to 2) by French and British warships, the escape of the German cruisers to Constantinople, 1,200 miles away, is described as a "fiasco of tragic errors" by "fumbling" British Admirals.15The British Admiralty supposedly had no idea where they were heading, but the reality was very different. On 3 August, Kaiser Wilhelm telegraphed King Constantine to say that both warships would be proceeding to Constantinople. This information was transmitted to London,16 and to the British naval mission in Athens.17 Naval Intelligence in London had intercepted and decrypted the actual encoded message from Berlin to Goeben: "Alliance concluded with Turkey. Goeben and Breslau proceed to Constantinople." The Admiralty knew,18 but relayed information to the Mediterranean fleet that "was either useless or inaccurate."19 Goeben and Breslau were allowed to escape in order to neutralise the Russian Black Sea fleet. Foreign Secretary Sazonov was outraged that the Royal Navy had failed to prevent it.20

The Ottoman Ambassador in Berlin summed it up perfectly: "Considering the displeasure and complications which a Russian attack on Constantinople would produce in England, the British navy having enabled the German ships to take cover in the Sea of Marmora, has, with the Machiavellianism characteristic of the Foreign Office, foiled any possibility of action by the Russian Black Sea Fleet."21 Safe arrival of the Goeben rendered a Russian amphibious operation well-nigh impossible,22 and the British Ambassador at Constantinople admitted that their presence served British interests, since "they protected the straits against Russia."23

On 9 September Admiral Arthur Limpus, head of the British naval mission in Turkey, was recalled. Turkey, although still neutral, closed and mined the Dardanelles. In late October Goeben and Breslau bombarded Sevastopol and other Black Sea ports. Infuriated, Tsar Nicholas insisted on war with Turkey and the seizure of Constantinople for Russia. British and French fears that he would make peace with Germany if Constantinople was denied him gave the Tsar overwhelming diplomatic leverage, and it was agreed that Turkey must now be brought into the war.24

War Declared & the Secret Elites Initiate Gallipoli Campaign

On 2 November Russia declared war on Turkey. Britain and France followed suit three days later. "November 1914 brought a kind of holy war fever to the Russian Foreign Ministry."25 With over one million Russian casualties for no gain, anti-war protests and revolution stalked the streets of Petrograd. In London, fear of Russia signing a peace treaty with Germany loomed large. How was Russia to be kept in the war with the promise of Constantinople, without actually allowing it? The solution, an attack on Gallipoli, was fraught with pitfalls. The Tsar had to be tricked into believing Britain was generously responding in his hour of need by mounting an all-out effort to take Constantinople for Russia.

The Gallipoli campaign supposedly arose from an urgent call for help from the Russian commander-in-chief Grand Duke Nikolay Nikolaevich on 31 December. Would Britain create a diversion to relieve pressure on Russian troops fighting in the Caucasus?26 This widely held view is wrong. The suggestion came not from Nikolaevich, but from the British military attaché at Petrograd, Sir John Hanbury-Williams. Intimately linked to the Secret Elite and their leader Lord Alfred Milner,27 Hanbury-Williams was frequently in close contact with Nikolaevich. He expressed anxiety about Russia's domestic morale, but never even mentioned the Dardanelles. It was Hanbury-Williams who planted the idea of a British demonstration against the Ottoman Empire.28 Next day this was presented to the British War Council and magically transformed into a desperate plea for help from Russia.

Having already decided their strategy to keep the Russians out of Constantinople, the Secret Elite now cleverly made it appear that the idea came from Russia. It was all pre-planned, "long before any kind of military imperative in the Ottoman theatre was apparent."29 The Secretary of the Committee for Imperial Defence, Maurice Hankey, proposed a solution that met all requirements, and it is no coincidence that Hankey was himself a member of the Secret Elite.30 The Gallipoli campaign would be mounted as a sop to the Russians, but set up to fail.

Days later the military dynamic changed. The Turkish 3rd Army was decimated in the Caucasus and, irrespective of whose suggestion it had been, there was no need whatsoever for any British intervention to help Russia. Nonetheless, on 20 January Britain informed Russia that she would undertake not just a demonstration, but a complete operation to penetrate the Dardanelles and Gallipoli. The Russians desperately wanted to take part, but were told to concentrate all efforts against Germany on the Eastern Front. The Secret Elite moved into top gear. An objective that required long months of careful preparation was rushed ahead at breakneck speed with disregard for the basic prerequisites for success.

Churchill assumed command and chose men for their ineptitude rather than ability. He turned to Vice-Admiral Sackville Carden, recently appointed commander of the Mediterranean Squadron after years in a desk-bound job, as superintendent of the Malta dockyards. Slow and ineffective,31 Carden was tasked with drawing up a plan for a naval attack on the Dardanelles, and relaying it to Churchill within days for presentation to a War Council meeting.32On 15 January Carden was informed that his plan had been accepted33 and that he would be in command. What had happened? The plan', rapidly cobbled together on the back of an envelope by a second rate officer, was to be used as the blueprint for the Gallipoli campaign. The reluctant Carden was given no option other than to get on with it,34 and was effectively set up to take the blame when it failed. For fail it must.

Rear-Admiral Arthur Limpus, an eminently more experienced and knowledgeable man who had spent years in Turkey advising on all naval matters, including the defence of the Dardanelles, was overlooked.35 Here was the man "who knew the Turks and the Dardanelles intimately,"36 yet Churchill shunned him because "the Turks might be offended" and it would be "unfair and unduly provocative" to place in command a man with an inside knowledge of the Turkish fleet.37 Limpus "knew all their secrets,"38 and more about the Dardanelles and the Turkish navy than any other naval officer, yet we are asked to believe that he wasn't given command because it was considered ungentlemanly "not quite cricket."39 Limpus had been sent to the Malta dockyards to sit at Carden's old desk. Outrageous stupidity or cold calculation?

Limpus was opposed to Churchill's plan,40 stressing that the first stage must be an amphibious landing, not a naval attack.41 He was not alone in his opposition. In 1906, naval chiefs considered a naval assault too risky.42 Any attack on Gallipoli would "have to be undertaken by a joint naval and military expedition,"43 and Churchill himself stated in 1911 that it was "no longer possible to force the Dardanelles."44 Rear-Admiral Carden was ignorant of the fact that any chance of success at Gallipoli was absolutely dependent on a combined naval and military operation. Without long, detailed joint planning, and a sufficient number of troops, it was impossible. Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, refused to make troops available and Carden was ordered to proceed with a naval attack.

The Russians were turning the screw. Pressure for immediate action influenced the War Council's decision.45On 14 February, Sazonov stated that the time for moderation had passed. Tsar Nicholas agreed, informing the French ambassador that his people were making terrible sacrifices in the war without reward. Constantinople must be incorporated into his empire.46 Sazonov implied to the British ambassador that he would resign, and be replaced by Sergei Witte, a pro-German sympathiser who would immediately seal a treaty with Germany.47 All warnings against a purely naval attack were ignored. The navy's objective was to "bombard and take the Gallipoli peninsula with Constantinople as the objective."48 After the disastrous failure the Dardanelles Commission asked, "How can a fleet take a peninsula? And how could it have Constantinople as its objective? If this meant… that the Fleet should capture and occupy the city, then it was absurd."49 It was all absurd.

Naval bombardment of the outer forts of the Dardanelles began on 19 February and ran for six days. It caused some damage but destroyed all hope of surprise and merely led the Turks to strengthen their defences.50 The main naval attack took place on 18 March. On the previous day Vice-Admiral De Robek had to take charge when Carden suffered a nervous breakdown. It was no surprise. He was never fitted for the task and felt completely undermined by the Admiralty's refusal to provide custom-built minesweepers. They were utterly essential but he was given only North Sea trawlers that could barely make headway against the strong 5-6 knot current. Eight powerful destroyers, which could have been fitted with sweeps, remained idle that fateful day while the officers sat playing cards,51 and only two out of a total of 387 mines were cleared.52 A fleet of 16 British and French battleships bombarded the coast, but were unable to penetrate the minefield and six battleships were sunk or disabled by mines. The Bouvet sank within two minutes with over 600 men trapped inside. It was the disaster predicted as far back as 1906.

A Campaign That Could Never Succeed

Orchestrated chaos shrouded a campaign that could never succeed. Kitchener meantime had changed his mind and agreed to make troops available for a combined attack, but the naval assault had gone ahead before their arrival. Maurice Hankey, acting more as strategic adviser to the War Council than its Secretary,53 stated, "combined operations require more careful preparation than any other class of military enterprise. All through our history such attacks have failed when the preparations have been inadequate."54 He listed ten points to be met if a joint attack was to succeed. Was he saying, "it will fail as long as we do not take the following measures"? According to the War Council minutes, Hankey's plan was not even discussed.55 In the event, every point he made was studiously ignored.

Military leadership, like naval, was barely functional. General Sir Ian Hamilton, a man in the twilight of his career who "knew little of the Dardanelles, the Turkish army or of modern warfare," was chosen to command.56 Scared of Kitchener, and hamstrung by his long-subservience,57 he noted in his diary, "It is like going up to a tiger and asking for a small slice of venison." During the Boer War he had witnessed Kitchener respond to an officer's appeal for reinforcements by taking half his troops away.58 The genial Hamilton, like poor Carden, was a scapegoat made to order.

Summoned by Kitchener on 12 March, Hamilton was brusquely informed, "We are sending a military force to support the fleet now at the Dardanelles and you are to have command." Hamilton was stunned, later admitting, "My knowledge of the Dardanelles was nil, of the Turk nil, of the strength of my own forces next to nil." When asked if a squadron of modern aircraft with experienced pilots and observers could be made available, Kitchener testily replied, "Not one." 150,000 men was the minimum required strength for the task, but Kitchener insisted that "half that number" would do handsomely.59 No attempt was made to co-ordinate intelligence about the defences at Gallipoli, not even at strategic level.60 Hamilton was given a cursory briefing, two small tourist guidebooks and old, inaccurate maps.61 Detailed reports from Admiral Limpus and Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cunnliffe-Owen, another officer with considerable knowledge of Gallipoli, were kept from him.62 Hamilton set off within 48 hours, together with some inexperienced members of staff who did not even know "how to put on their uniforms."63 So much for detailed preparation.

The chaos continued. There was no discussion, no plan, no naval/military coordination. Indeed, it was a worse situation than preceded the naval operation.64 Gallipoli was to be invaded with a mixed force of 80,000 men from Britain, France and the Empire. Raw Anzac troops and unseasoned French recruits were to be thrown into battle for the first time. Marshall Joffre, the French commander-in-chief, was profoundly opposed to the whole operation and initially refused to provide troops. Political expediency forced his hand.65 A French army Colonel who had spent years in Constantinople also opposed the attack, but like everyone else with intimate knowledge of the area, its topography and defences, he was dismissed.66 Lieutenant-Colonel Cunnliffe-Owen, the British military attaché at Constantinople in 1914, who had personally conducted a detailed survey of Gallipoli, was likewise deliberately overlooked. In London when staff were being scratched together for Hamilton's team, Cunnliffe-Owen was passed over. His detailed reports on the peninsula were never shown to General Hamilton.67

Kitchener agreed to the deployment of 18,000 men from the British army's 29th Division. Its commander, Shaw, had served with distinction at Mons and was considered a highly competent and "impressively professional soldier." Two days before leaving for Gallipoli, when continuity was all-important, Shaw was inexplicably replaced by Major-General Hunter-Weston. He immediately rejected his allocated ship because it lacked first class accommodation, and was transferred to the luxury liner Andania.68 Major-General Shaw suffered the same fate as Admiral Limpus. A competent, knowledgeable man was rejected in favour of Hunter-Weston, a laughing-stock in the British Army,69 spectacularly incompetent, and "one of the most brutal commanders of the First World War."70Ask yourself, what was going on?

Hamilton arrived to find his army scattered in confusion over much of the Mediterranean. Some battalion commanders couldn't trace their companies. Ships came from Britain with such poorly written orders that captains did not know their destination.71 On their arrival at Mudros, the ships were found to be loaded in a shambolic fashion, and had to be taken 700 miles to Egypt to be unloaded and repacked.72 Such was the lack of preparation that even the simplest questions could not be answered. "Was there drinking water on Gallipoli? What roads existed? Were troops to fight in trenches or the open? What sort of weapons were required? What was the depth of water off the beaches? What sort of boats were needed to get the men, the guns and stores ashore? What casualties were to be expected? How were they to be got off to the hospital ships? It was simply a case of taking whatever came to hand and hoping for the best."73

An "Amateurish, Do-It-Yourself Cock-Up"

You couldn't make it up. There was a shortage of guns, ammunition, aircraft and, above all, troops. Hamilton's requests for additional supplies and reinforcements were either ignored or refused.74 Gallipoli veteran Charles Watkins described the campaign as an "amateurish, do-it-yourself cock-up."75 It was designed to be exactly that. The quality of preparation and leadership guaranteed it. General Ian Hamilton was the Secret Elite's Patsy-in-Chief, unwittingly abetted by the incompetent Admiral Carden. These were the men chosen to fail.

The Gallipoli landings went ahead on 25 April 1915 with the terrible slaughter and wounding of many incredibly brave young men, dispensable pawns on Imperial Britain's chessboard. Despite the fleet now having some thirty powerful destroyers equipped to sweep the mines, and many officers totally confident that the fleet could now get through, no further attempt was made to force the Dardanelles. The navy would play no further part other than ferrying the men ashore, taking off the wounded, and providing a safe haven off-shore for the likes of Hunter-Weston. Successful mine sweeping had always been the key to a successful naval assault, and with the new minesweepers and a clear run through to the Straits, the fleet could have greatly assisted the army with controlled bombardments of Turk positions from within the channel. It would, of course, also have been able to cripple Goebenand Breslau. For the above stated reasons, that would not be allowed to happen.

For years knowledgeable men had insisted that a well planned and resourced combined naval and military attack was the only type of operation that might succeed, but never at any point in the entire Gallipoli campaign was a joint assault carried out. The elites in London ordered the shambolic attack by the navy when they knew it was bound to fail, and now ordered an equally shambolic attack by the army in the full knowledge that it too could never succeed.

Gallipoli was a lie within the lie that was the First World War. The campaign ended in military defeat, but geo-strategic victory for the British Empire. By late 1915, with Russian forces pushed back on the eastern front and any likelihood of their intervention in Constantinople gone, the British government began planning withdrawal from the corpse strewn peninsula. The last Allied troops were taken off on 9 January 1916, leaving behind 62,266 of their comrades. The majority of the dead on both sides have no known graves. Many of the 11,410 Australians and New Zealanders who died76 suffered unspeakable deaths, deliberately sacrificed on the altar of British imperialism.

A Myth Obscures the terrible Truth

Over the last century, in both Britain and Australia, Gallipoli has been turned into a heroic-romantic myth,77 a myth promoted by court historians and pliant journalists in order to hide the stark truth. It was a ruse, a sop to the Russians to keep them in the war in the belief that allied forces would capture Constantinople on their behalf. Put into the hands of incompetent generals and admirals, starved of troops, determined leadership, ill-equipped, ill-advised and certain to fail, the attack on Gallipoli as an integral part of the imperial strategy was a stunning success.

We are aware of at least one renowned Gallipoli historian and writer in Australia who agrees with our thesis. Like us, he proposes that "it was the intention of the British and French governments of 1915 to ensure that the Dardanelles and the Gallipoli campaign would not succeed" and was "conceived as a ruse to keep the Russians in the war…" He believes that while the proposition has circumstantial evidence to support it, there is "little or no documentary evidence."78 He is very unlikely to find it. As revealed in our book Hidden History: The Secret Origins of the First World War, masses of crucial documents relating to the First World War were shredded or burned, or have been kept hidden away to this very day in a high security establishment at Hanslope Park in England. The individuals responsible for the war, responsible for Gallipoli, were many things, but they weren't so stupid as to leave incriminating evidence lying around. Historians in Australia and New Zealand must stop protecting their comfortable careers and start acknowledging the terrible truth about Gallipoli. Peddling mythology as truth is an insult to the memory of those brave young men.

Just as in Britain, the Government of Australia seeks to be the guardian of public memory, choreographing commemoration into celebration,79 ritually condemning war while the rhetoric gestures in the opposite direction.80 The War Memorial in Sydney's Hyde Park proudly exhorts, "Let Silent Contemplation Be Your Offering," yet the deafening prattle of political expediency mocks the valiant dead with empty words and lies. Don't be fooled. Those young men died for the imperial dreams of wealthy manipulators, not for freedom' or civilisation'. They died deceived, expendable, and in the eyes of the power-brokers, the detritus of strategic necessity. Remember that

Magda Hassan Wrote:Don't know what it is like in the UK or eleswhere but this year has been quite nauseating with all the WW1 and Gallipoli centenary 'celebrations'. The last week has been surreal in its Disneyfication of it all. Wall to wall propaganda. Even on the home decorating shows. Soldiers of all sides should have turned their weapons on the inbred officer corps leading them to the abyss and continued their playing soccer with each other. I haven't heard one word of apology for invading Turkey from either Abbott or the Windsors who are currently strutting their stuff over there.

Quote:Gallipoli: When Murdoch Went to War

Documentary. The story of the disastrous British-led Gallipoli military campaign from the perspective of Keith Murdoch, an Australian journalist and father of Rupert Murdoch.

First shown: 25 Apr 2015

R.K. Locke Wrote:Meanwhile an Australian journalist has apparently been fired for going off-script on Twitter:

https://storify.com/number86/geoff-lemon-on

Quote:The initiative of the outbreak of World War II belonged not "Hitler possessed," which supposedly by chance found himself at the helm of power in Germany. The Second World War - is a project of the global financial oligarchy, the Anglo-American masters of money. It is they, relying on institutions such as the US Federal Reserve and the Bank of England, just after the First World War started the preparation for the next armed clashes on a world scale. And a new war plan spearheaded was directed against the USSR.

Important milestones of this training became Dawes Plan and the Young Plan, the creation of the Bank for International Settlements, the announcement of the termination of Germany to pay reparations for the Treaty of Paris and the tacit consent of Russia's former allies with this decision, the powerful infusion of foreign investments and credits to the economy of the Third Reich, the militarization of the German economy in violation of the Treaty of Paris.

The key figures in the backroom operations of Anglo-American masters of money is the family Rockefeller and Morgan, Montagu Norman (Director of the Bank of England), Hjalmar Schacht (director of the Reichsbank, Minister of Economy of the Third Reich). Strategic plan of the Rockefeller and Morgan was to economically subjugate Europe, and with the help of inflated foreign credits and investments in Germany to deliver a crushing blow to the Soviet Russia, returning it to the bosom of the world capitalist system as a colony.

Montagu Norman (1871-1950) played an important role of mediator between the US financial capital and the political and business circles of Germany. Hjalmar Schacht was put on the role of organizer of the war economy of Nazi Germany. Options cover the backstage operations performed owners money policies such as Franklin Roosevelt, Neville Chamberlain and Winston Churchill. In Germany, along with J. Schacht top performer these plans became Hitler. It is noteworthy that some historians evaluate the role in the management of mine in Germany during World War II is higher than the role of Hitler. Just the first of them was a non-public figure.

Adopted in 1924 at the initiative of the Anglo-American bankers Dawes Plan provided for easing the burden of German reparations (which is extremely painful perceived France receives more than half of the reparations) and the provision of financial assistance to Germany from the United States and England in the form of loans ostensibly for economic recovery and subsequent recovery of payments reparations in full. In 1924-1929 gg. Germany was the Dawes Plan by 2.5 billion US. Dollars., Of England - 1.5 bln. USD. At the current exchange rate is equivalent to an astronomical sum of around $ 1 trillion. Hjalmar Schacht, one of the authors and performers of the Dawes Plan, summarizing 1929 results of the implementation of the plan, noted with satisfaction that "Germany for 5 years received the same amount of foreign loans, how many of them got America for 40 years prior to World War I." (1). As a result, prostrate in the war Germany had already in 1929 ranked second in the world in terms of industrial production, beating England.

In the 1930s, the process of pumping the German economy continued investments and loans. To this end, according to the Young Plan in 1930 it was created the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) in Switzerland (Basel). The official purpose of the BIS was to carry out reparations Germany in favor of the victorious countries. In fact, the movement of money through the BIS was going in the opposite direction - from the United States and Britain to Germany. Most of the strategically important German companies to the top of the 1930s. owned by American capital or partially controlled by them. Some of the capital owned by British investors. Thus, the German oil-refining industry and the production of synthetic gasoline from coal owned American corporation "Standard Oil" (Rockefeller). The core of the chemical industry in Germany was a company "IG Farben ", passed under the control of the banking house of Morgan. 40% of the telephone network in Germany and 30% stake in aircraft manufacturing company "Focke-Wulf" belonged to the American company ITT. The core of the German radio and electrical industry had concerns "AEG", "Siemens", "Osram"; They came under the control of the American company "General Electric". And ITT and "General Electric" were part of the Morgan financial empire. Finally, 100% of the shares of concern "Volkswagen" were under the control of the American automobile corporation "Ford".

By the time Hitler came to power under the full control of the US financial capital there were all strategically important sectors of German industry - oil refining and the production of synthetic fuels, chemicals, automotive, aerospace, electrical and radio instrument, much of the engineering (total 278 companies and corporations). In addition, under the control of US capital were the leading German banks - "Deutsche Bank", "Dresdner Bank" Donut Bank "and a number of other (2).

***

January 30, 1933, Hitler became Chancellor. Before that, his candidacy was carefully studied American bankers. Chairman J. Schacht of the Reichsbank in the autumn of 1930 he traveled across the ocean to their US counterparts to discuss details of the plan to bring Hitler to power. After Hitler's candidacy and his political promotion plan was finalized at a secret meeting of bankers in the United States, J. Schacht returned to Germany. Throughout 1932, he worked with the German bankers and industrialists, urging them to fully support Hitler. And this support has been received. In mid-November 1932 the 17 largest bankers and industrialists to President Hindenburg letter demanding to appoint Hitler Chancellor. The last workshop of German financiers before the election was held January 4, 1933 in a villa of the famous German banker Schroeder near Cologne.

After the arrival of the National Socialists to power, finance and credit, and trade and economic relations with Germany, the Anglo-Saxon world have reached a qualitatively new level. Hitler immediately makes a loud statement that he refuses to pay reparations. This, of course, put into question the ability of Britain and France to repay their debts to the United States for loans during the First World War, but the ocean Hitler issued a statement without any objections. In May 1933 Ya.Shaht makes another visit to the United States. There he meets with US President Franklin Roosevelt and the big bankers and signs agreement for US loans totaling $ 1 billion. USD. In June of that year, J. Schacht makes a trip to London to hold talks with M. Norman. Everything happens like in a fairy tale: the British agree to provide the Third Reich loan of $ 2 billion. USD., While not opposed to the suspension of payments on servicing and repayment of previously obtained loans Germany English. Some historians believe that the important reason for this compliancy American and British bankers was that the Soviet Union in 1932, completed the first five-year plan, which is unexpected for the West led to a sharp strengthening of the economic position of the Soviet state. It was built and put into operation several thousand enterprises, mainly in heavy industry. The dependence of the Soviet Union on imports of machinery and equipment over several years has fallen sharply. Prospects of economic strangulation of the Soviet Union have virtually disappeared. The stake was made on the war, began unrestrained militarization of Germany.

Ease of obtaining American loans explained by the fact that almost simultaneously with the coming to power of Hitler in Germany, the United States came to power, President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He was supported by the American bankers, who in the autumn of 1931 was supported by Hitler. The newly president could not approve the generous gesture of credit in favor of the new regime in Berlin. By the way, many have noted many similarities between the "new economic course" Roosevelt in the United States and economic policies of the Third Reich in Germany. There is nothing surprising in this. As consultants and policymakers in both countries were the same people, mainly from the US financial circles.

However, the "new economic policy" Roosevelt pretty soon began to give failures. In 1937, America was again in the depths of the crisis, and in 1939, loading of production capacities in the US was 33% (in the midst of the crisis of 1929-1933. - 19%). Assessing the situation in the United States in 1939, one of the closest advisers of Roosevelt P. Taguell wrote: "In 1939, the government could not achieve any success. Ahead lay the open sea until the day when Hitler invaded Poland. Fog could only dispel the mighty wind of war. Any other measures that have been dominated by Roosevelt, would not bring any results "(3).

In these circumstances, the only salvation for US capitalism could become a world war. In 1939, the owners of money, using all the levers available to them, began to put pressure on Hitler, requiring him to immediately start a major war in the East.

An important tool for policy owners money during the Second World War was the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). It was established as an outpost of American capital in Europe and served as a link between the Anglo-Saxon and German capital, a kind of offshore company cosmopolitan capital, providing him protection from the various political winds of war, sanctions, etc. Although the BIS was founded as a public commercial bank, its immunity from government interference and even taxation both in peacetime and in wartime, it was guaranteed by an international treaty signed in 1930 in The Hague.

The main initiators of the BIS were the bankers of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York's inner circle Morgan , Director of the Bank of England's Montagu Norman , German financiers Hjalmar Schacht, Walter Funk (later succeeded by J. Schacht as president of the Reichsbank), Emil Puhl .

The founders of the BIS, the Bank signed the Charter became the central banks of Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, and a number of private banks. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, who actively participated in the creation of the BIS, for political reasons, the founders did not enter. From the United States signed the Statute of the BIS private banks "First National Bank of New York", "D. JP Morgan & Company "and" First National Bank of Chicago "- they are all included in the Morgan empire. Japan was also represented at the BIS private banks. In 1931-1932 gg. the Bank for International Settlements joined 19 central banks of the countries of Europe. The first president of the BIS became the banker of the Rockefeller clan Gates McGarry . In 1933 he left the post. He was replaced by an American Leon Fraser, Morgan protégé. During the Second World War, the president of the bank was again an American , Thomas Harrington McKittrick.

About how the BIS worked in the interests of the Third Reich, written quite a lot (4). During the war the BIS calculations carried out in Germany on supplies of goods from different countries, including those for which Germany was a military adversary. After Pearl Harbor during the war years the BIS is still referred to in all official references as the correspondent bank of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. During the war the BIS was under the control of the Nazis, but the president of the bank was the American Thomas Harrington McKittrick. While at the front soldiers died in Basel, meetings were held with the participation of management BIS bankers of Germany, Japan, Italy, Belgium, England and the United States. Here in Switzerland, "offshore banking" reigned complete understanding, there was intense joint work of representatives of the warring countries in the war.

In an atmosphere of war, BIS has become the place where the loot Germany came together in different European countries gold. In March 1938, after the entry of the Nazis in Vienna, most of them kidnapped Austrian gold migrated to the BIS safes. The same fate befell the gold reserves of the Czech National Bank - 48 million. Dollars. This was before the Second World War. Once it is unleashed to the Bank for International Settlements flowed gold that is mined in the Third Reich concentration camps and as a result of various raids on the robbery of civilians in occupied countries (jewelery, gold crowns, cigarette cases, dishes, etc.). This is the so-called Nazi gold. It is usually processed from raw materials to standard ingots and was directed to the BIS and other Swiss banks or outside Europe. After Pearl Harbor, that is, after the United States entered the war, the Bank for International Settlements, according to American researcher Charles Higham , the Nazis received the deposit of gold in the amount of 378 million. dollars.

On the history of the Third Reich capture using BIS Czech gold is to say a few more. Details of this operation cleared after the declassification of part of the Bank of England its archives in 2012 (5). In March 1939, Hitler's troops occupied Prague. The Nazis, at gunpoint, demanded that the country's national treasure - gold reserves are estimated at 48 million. Dollars. Frightened members of the board of the bank said that gold has already been transferred to the Bank for International Settlements. As it turned out later, the gold from Basel and then migrated to the vault of the Bank of England. At the command of the Berlin gold was transferred to the Reichsbank in the BIS, and physically it was the Bank of England. Further, the Bank of England began to perform various operations with gold on the teams that came from Berlin (from the Reichsbank), the BIS, and then relayed to London. There was a conspiracy of three parties: the Reichsbank, Hitler's Germany, the Bank for International Settlements and the Bank of England. Incidentally, in England in 1939, he started a real scandal, as the Bank of England to make transactions with the Czech gold on the teams that came from Berlin and Basel, but not from the Czech government. In particular, in June 1939, three months before the declaration of war between Britain and Germany, the Bank of England helped the Germans to realize the gold in the 440 000 pounds and forward part of the German gold reserve in New York (the Germans were confident that in case of invasion Poland United States did not declare war). Illegal operations with the Czech gold, the Bank of England carried out with the tacit consent of the government of Great Britain, which was in the know. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , Finance Minister John Simon , other senior officials were spinning like snakes in a pan, resorting to outright lies (supposedly gold returned to its rightful owner or never passed the Reichsbank). Only recently disclosed secret archives of the Bank of England confirmed that the first persons of the state lied, covering themselves, the Bank of England and the Bank of International Settlements. Coordinate joint criminal enterprise of the Bank of England and the BIS was convenient because the chairman of the latter throughout the war was Montagu Norman , director of the Bank of England, who did not hide his fascist sympathies.

In 1944, at an international conference at Bretton Woods (USA), where they discussed plans for the future of the global financial order, popped the question about the unseemly role of the BIS in World War II and his work at Nazi Germany. Omitting many details, I note that at the conference with great difficulty managed to adopt a resolution on the closing of the BIS (number of delegates and observers from the United States tried to prevent the adoption of such resolution). However, the decision of the international conference hosts ignored the money. And all the compromising information relating to the activities of the BIS during the war, was classified 6 . It also helps today to falsify the history of World War II.

Finally a few words about the bankers and financiers Hjalmar Schacht (1877-1970). He was a key figure, to manage the economic machine of the Third Reich, extraordinary and plenipotentiary of the Anglo-American capital in Germany. In 1945, Schacht was brought to justice by the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, but the October 1, 1946 was acquitted. Schacht got away just like Hitler, who inexplicably did not have in 1945 in the list of war criminals. Moreover, Schacht as if nothing had happened back in the banking sector in Germany, founded and headed in Dusseldorf banking house Schacht GmbH . It would seem that no noteworthy detail, but this fact once again makes it clear that prepared the Second World War and partly summed up the results of its Anglo-American owners of money and their authorized representatives in Germany. The same owners of money today not only want to rewrite the history of World War II, but the results beat it.

(To be continued)

Quote:On the eve of the 70th anniversary of the Victory over Nazism there had been a lost of speculations in regard to the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and the responsibility for the start of WWII. Strangely enough the participants of the dispute did not mention the fact that the Third Reich was the creation of London and Washington. The secret of the Anglo-Saxon support of Hitler at the initial stage was taken to their graves by two men.

Who was the real sponsor of Hitler's seizure of power? Historians are still arguing on this: some think that the Nazis had been secretly sponsored by Reichswehr, which dreamed about the revenge after the defeat in the WWI, the others claim that German industrialists were the key sponsors of the Führer.

Meanwhile, as my colleagues have found out, at the Nuremberg Trial ex-President of Reichsbank and Minister of Economy Hjalmar Schacht suggested for fairness sake those, who had nurtured the Third Reich should be tried as well, having mentioned American corporations General Motors and Ford, as well as Head of the Bank of England Norman Montague. Notably, Americans made a deal with him, having promised release in exchange for silence, and the International Military Tribunal had fully absolved Schacht in spite of the Soviet lawyers' protests.

The secret of the Anglo-Saxon support of Hitler at the initial stage was taken to their graves by two men nondescript at first sight Swiss financier Wilhelm Gustloff (it was not by chance that the biggest German cruise liner was named after him posthumously) and treasurer of the NSDAP Franz Schwartz. Hjalmar Schacht called Gustloff, who was murdered in 1936 in Davos, Switzerland by a scrawny student, an "irreplaceable mediator" between British and American corporations on one side and Nazis on the other side (according to certain data, Gustloff was mediating from 1925 till 1929). As far as Obergruppenführer SS Schwartz is concerned, the circumstances of his death were similarly odd: on December 2 of 1947 he was to be released from the filtering camp in Regensburg, but he never walked out. He had breakfast, then felt unwell and then died in an hour or so "because of stomach problem", as the coroner's statement claimed. In April of 1945 Schwrtz burnt all the financial documents in the "brown house" (the headquarters of the NSDAP in Munich) including those that could discredit the victorious countries, and was naive enough to expect mercy for this reason.
Hitler received the first box of gold from the head of Shell

Nevertheless, in spite of the fact that two most important witnesses went silent forever, some historians still managed to unearth the evidence of Anglo-Saxon sponsorship of Hitler and his followers. In particular, Italian Guido Giacomo Preparata, who devoted almost 20 years to the study of Nazi connections with the business circles of London and Washington, named all those, who brought "the brown" to power: "Who finances the fascists from the very beginning? according to a funny story, that was stubbornly imposed in the society, the Nazis financed themselves, raising funds at the rallies". And further Preparata convincingly proves that the lion's share of the Nazi party funds had foreign origin. The oversea financial clans of Morgans and Rockefellers promoted the shares of IG Farbenindustrie and a series of other German companies via Chase National bank in Wall Street (later the creation of Krupp went under control of Rockefeller's Standard Oil), and the shares of Vereinigte Stahlwerke of Alfred Tissen had been promoted through the banks of Dillon and Reed. "By 1933, when it became absolutely clear that the AEG company financed Hitler, Preparata wrote, 30% of its share belonged to an American shareholder General Electric. Thus, the historian suggests, "in the course of 15 years, from 1919 till 1933, the Anglo-Saxon elite was actively involved in German political life with the intention to create a macabre movement, which later could be used as a pawn in the big geopolitical game… Britain and USA did not create hitlerism, but it was they, who created the exclusive conditions, in which this phenomenon was able to appear".

And this is what another scholar of the financial flows nurturing Hitler, German historian Joachim Fest wrote: "In autumn of 1923 Hitler visited Zurich and came back, they said, with " a box tightly packed with Swiss franks and dollars". That is, on the eve of the "beer putsch" someone had allotted a solid sum in currency to the would-be Führer. This someone, according to certain data, was no one but Sir Henry Deterding, the head of British and Dutch Shell concern. he will keep on financing Hitler via Gustloff. It is curious, that Munich court, in which the putschists had been tried, only managed to prove that the Nazi party received 20 thousands USD to back up the plot from businessmen of Nuremberg. However the expenditures of Hitlers' followers were estimated as a twice bigger sum! In April of 1924 Hitler received a five-year jail term for state treason, but he was released in December, bought "Berghoff" villa and started publishing the resurrected "Völkisher Beobachter". On what funds, can one wonder? "Since 1924, Joachim Fest wrote, the industrialists and businessmen sympathizing Hitler (Tissen, Vogler, Kierdorf and Schröder) secretly allotted big sums to the Nazis. Notably, the leaders of the storm-troopers and the party functionaries received salaries in foreign currency". It is worth mentioning that Vogler and Schröder should be considered American rather than German businessmen, as they had been earning their fortunes predominantly overseas. Other contradictory figures had been among Hitler's sponsors e.g., head of IG Farbenindustrie Max Warburg brother of Director of the Federal Reserve Bank Paul Warburg, or Carl Bosch, heading the German branch of Ford Motor Company.

Why Henry Ford was awarded with the Third Reich order

Talking about Ford: in 1931 a correspondent of American newspaper Detroit News, who arrived in Germany in order to interview an ambitious politician Adolf Hitler, was astonished to see a portrait of a man she knew perfectly well Henry Ford over Hitler's desk. "I consider him the man, who inspired me", Hitler explained. However, Ford did not only inspire the Nazi leader, but also lavishly sponsored him. Ford and Hitler found common ground in antisemitism they both adhered to. As early as in the beginning of 1920s "uncle Ford" at his own expense printed and sent to Germany half a million strong circulation of "The protocols of the elders of Zion", and then two of his own books "The international Jew" and "Jewish activity in New-York".

In the end of the 1920s and beginning of 30s Ford, according to some sources, was lavishly sponsoring the NSDAP (written testimony of Franz Schwartz in regard to this was preserved, although he never revealed the exact figures). As a sign of gratitude Hitler decorated Ford with the Big Cross of the German Eagle the highest reward of the Reich that a foreigner could be awarded with. The ceremony took place of July 30 of 1938 in Detroit, at a festive dinner, at which about one and a half thousand of American celebrities had been present. The order was presented by the German consul. Ford, allegedly, was so much touched that he wept. Afterward Ford carried out the financing of Hitler's "folk car" project and as a result acquired almost 100% of the shares of the newly formed Volkswagen concern.

The connections of Ford and Hitler had been so close that they weren't even interrupted by the war. By that time a special law was adopted across the ocean forbidding any type of cooperation with the Hitlerites (Trading with the enemy act), but it seemed to have no power over Ford. In 1940 Ford disagreed to assemble the engines for British airplanes fighting with Germany, and at the same time in the French town of Poissy his new works started production of engines for Lüftwaffe. European branches of Ford company supplied 65 thousand of trucks to Hitler in 1940 free of charge! In occupied France the branch of Ford's kept on producing lorries for the Wehrmacht,and another branch, in Algeria, supplied Germn General Rommel with trucks and armoured vehicles. By the way a curious detail: in the end of the war the allied air force had raised to the ground the city of Cologne. Only several buildings of Ford's car-producing plant miraculously remained intact. Nevertheless Ford and also his competitors from General Motors succeeded in receiving compensation from the state for the "damage don to their property in the enemy's territory". At that General Motors owned one of the biggest German automobile concerns Opel producing Blitz trucks. On the basis of these trucks the notorious Gasenwagens had been produced gas cameras on wheels. By the beginning of WWII the combined investments of american corporations into German branches and representative offices comprised about 800 mln USD. Ford's investments were estimated as 17.5 mln, Standard Oil (today Exxon) 120 mln, General Motors 35 mln.

The chief of the American intelligence service controlled money flows from the USA to Germany

Do you remember the scene from the "Seventeen moments of spring" series, in which Nazi general Karl Wolf meets the CIA head Allen Dulles? Historians often wonder, why President Roosevelt sent no one else but Dulles to conduct separate talks with Germany? However, the answer is obvious. In January of 1932 the meeting of Hitler with British financier Norman Montague took place. Ph D in historical science, Academician of the Academy of Sciences Yuriy Rubtsov suggests that "a secret deal was made at the meeting on financing of the NSDAP". Rubtsov writes: "American politicians the Dulles brothers had also been present at the meeting the fact that their biographers always fail to mention". One of the brothers was the would-be head of American intelligence Allen Dulles. Is it a mere coincidence? as some historians claim, Dulles personally controlled all financial flows to the Reich beginning with Hitler's electoral campaign in 1930. It was, by the way, partially financed by IG Farbenindustrie, which by that time was already under control of Rockefeller's Standard Oil. Thus, Roosevelt sent no one else but Dulles to the separate talks as he knew better than anyone else who among the American tycoons invested in the Hitler's rise and the ensuing economic upheaval of Germany and how much. Why did Dulles so insistently inquired about the assets and gold of the "new German authorities"? because his task was to compensate ll the expenditures!

The subject of Anglo-Saxon sponsorship of Hitler is so vast that it cannot be embraced in the framework of one newspaper article. We did not mention the story of Ernst Hanfstaengl an American citizen of German origin, who supervised Adolf Hitler on behalf of American intelligence in 1920s and supplied the would-be Führer with funds from US businessmen. We dd not manage to give full account of the part of British national Norman Montague in sponsoring of Hitler and the split of the British elite the colleagues remark, suggesting to keep on with the studies of financial flows nurturing German Nazism.

And now I ask you: who in reality started the WWII? Do you still insist that the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact was the main reason? Or were London and Washington involved? What is your opinion?

Quote:

Nazi sympathiser and former King, the Duke of Windsor, 'wanted England bombed', archives reveal

King Edward VIII, who later became the Duke of Windsor and is widely regarded as a Nazi sympathiser, once argued that bombing England could bring peace by ending WWII, it has emerged.

Correspondence kept in the Royal Archives between the British royal family and their German relatives in the run up to WWII remains confidential.


However, information pieced together from open archives across 30 countries, including Germany, Spain and Russia, has revealed the close relationship some members of the European aristocracy had with the Nazis.


Dr Karina Urbach, senior research fellow at the Institute of Historical Research at the School of Advance Study at the University of London, has uncovered how the Duke of Windsor told Don Javier Bermejillo, his old friend and Spanish diplomat, that the British royal blamed "the Jews, the Reds and the Foreign Office for the war".


Writing for The Conversation, Dr Urbach explained how Windsor told Bermejillo on 25 June 1940 that "if one bombed England effectively this could bring peace.


"Bermejillo concluded that the Duke of Windsor seemed very much to hope that this would occur: 'He wants peace at any price.'," wrote Dr Urbach.


She added: "This report went to Franco and was then passed on to the Germans. The bombing of Britain started on 10 July."


Research Dr Urbach has documented in her new book Go-Betweens for Hitler also shows how Nazi supporter Charles Edward Duke of Coburg was a key figure in the network of private individuals who Adolf Hilter used for covert negotiations when he mistrusted his foreign ministry.


As Coburg's sister Alice Countess of Athlone was the Queen Mary's sister-in-law, he was "welcomed […] by the royals, including the Duke of Windsor" to the extend he was invited to visit George V and the Queen at Sandringham in 1932, according to Dr Urbach.


The two Dukes became so close that they hoped to strike an Anglo-German alliance.


According to Dr Urbach's findings, the Soviet intelligence services were certain that the Duke of Windsor was a Nazi sympathiser when war broke out, and reported in 1940 that he and Hitler had discussed forming a new English government, and striking an alliance with Germany based on having the USSR as their shared enemy.


The revelations come after a book published earlier this year revealed that Hitler wanted to use Windsor when he was still King as a puppet on the British throne.


Before he abdicated and a month after Hitler occupied the Rhineland in March 1936, Windsor sent Hitler a telegram wishing him "happiness and welfare"for his 47th birthday, according to an extract of Seventeen Carnations - The Windsors, The Nazis and the Cover-Up by author Andrew Morton.