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+--- Thread: Earthquake in Haiti (/Thread-Earthquake-in-Haiti)
Earthquake in Haiti - Ruben Mundaca - 22-01-2010
Ed Jewett Wrote:Ruben Mundaca Wrote:Mmmm... narcotrafikking...?.. maybe. But Caribe is the most controlled sea in the world. So controlled, that colombian traffikers has builded submarines to approach to USA shores.
I think that as a base is valuable, but there are other options, as the big Guantanamo base in Cuba.
But forgiving those considerations (sound stupid to even think on them in this moment), Haiti is a country in total collapse. Political, economic and social. Death toll can be as big as 100.000 people, and all major buildings, hospitals, services and infraestructure are in ruins. Even if international aid is generous, it might took DECADES to recover from this disaster and give haitians a hope.
Ruben, my closest friend is a Dominican who transits back and forth 4-5 times a year and spends 4-6 weeks there in the winter. and maintains close contact with the people and the culture. He informs me that the Dominican side of the island is gravely concerned because of the frequent small plane flights and drops into Haiti. I certainly wish the best for the Haitians. It is my understanding that US interests would like to bring their usual form of purposeful chaos to the region in order to de-stabilize it. I have also read about HAARP. It is my understanding that a major effort is already underway to extend "the empire" incrementally; forays have been made via air into Venezuela already, if you believe the Venezuelans, and Colombia and the isthmus have been a focal point for some time. As has been discussed elsewhere, "relief" operations often mask other purposes. I appreciate that Gitmo is nearby as well, though it is presently tasked for other purposes and also under some political pressure from the Cubans. Having published a paper on community disaster response through the International Association of Emergency Managers, I appreciate what the nation and its people are up against. I send them my prayers. Wclef Jean is heading up an effort (google it up, it involves Twitter) and he is working overtime to help his people in "staying alive": http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPV1InMNUf4
I was aware about HAARP, but when a close consideration is gived, all seems to be a paranoic conspiration theory. HAARP is not the only atmospheric warmer. Russia has one and Europe has one also.
Here is a guy writing about HAARP and his real capabilities. Is in spanish, but maybe you can use a translator. The article is too long to (badly) translate myself, sorry.
http://www.malaciencia.info/2005/12/haarp-y-la-conspiranoia.html
Earthquake in Haiti - Ed Jewett - 22-01-2010
It is reasonable to infer that narco-trafficking is an element that provides cover, funds, and deniability, given the prior work of Peter Dale Scott, Alfred McCoy and others.
I appreciate the controversy about HAARP; that such capability is desired or in development has been mentioned by Alvin Toffler and Michael Crichton. I am not sufficiently learned from a scientific and engineering basis to make the case, or refute it. I would guess many here are familiar with Nick Begich's book, and his connection to other events in past 'deep politics'.
However, there is enough independent corroboration now (much of it posted above) of the intent of the USA to make good use of the event. The doctrine of chaos and shock are well-described elsewhere. It is pointed out elsewhere that the British pulled its fleet away from that area prior to the event, that the social networking system which would be used to communicate within the humanitarian/military response was activated before the event, that multiple Caribbean islands have been or are being transformed into military outposts (the Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad, for example), and that Obama has just given the okay for economic warfare against Venezuela, and Venezuela has already alleged overflights by UAV's. I am aware also of the directives toward weather modification as one element of "full-spectrum domination".
One of the books I am currently reading (and I will dictate and post critical excerpts and supporting follow-up in the near future) is James Douglass' "JFK and the Unspeakable". [Critical parts of his 1972 book "Resistance and Contemplation" are already available at my own web site.] I refer you specifically to page 33 of "the Unspeakable" which lays bare the language and intent of NSC 10/2, a machinery prepared in the tightest secrecy, a topic broadly available in text and discussion on the Internet, which allow "almost unlimited" covert operations.
Says Douglass:
Quote:Since NSC10/2 authorized violations of international law, it also established official lying as their indispensable cover. All such activities had to be "so planned and executed that any US governmental responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons, and that if uncovered the US government can plausibly deny any responsibility for them." The national security doctrine of "plausible deniability" combined in line with hypocrisy. It marked the creation of a Frankenstein monster.Everything in our national security state is dedicated to what is described in a different source as 'an expansive conception of [America's] security requirements to include a world substantially made over in its own image.'
Little is allowed to interfere with it, including Presidents, journalism, Senators, the people, or the truth.
NSC 10/2 has cognitively infiltrated the entire American state and culture.
Earthquake in Haiti - Ed Jewett - 22-01-2010
Ed Jewett Wrote:... there is enough independent corroboration now (much of it posted above) of the intent of the USA to make good use of the event.
I erred in saying "above"; it's in this thread: http://www.deeppoliticsforum.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2959
Earthquake in Haiti - Ruben Mundaca - 22-01-2010
I know that if DARPA is involved in the HAARP investigation, is not entirely a "civil" research. As far as is leaked, seems oriented to early detection of missiles and planes and the possibility to interfere or burn their navigation devices.
Anyway, europeans and russians have said very litte about (they are involved in the same kind of research), and the little they said only feed more speculation.
The possibility of artificially make earthquakes is an old issue, since Nicola Tesla, widely researched during WW2. It is true that, producing waves in sincrony with an structure (buildings or bridges), is possible to create harmonic waves that, if strong enough, can cause the collapse of the structure. But as far I know, the device that create the resonancy waves have to be in contact with the object to be destroyed, by a certain time, usually long enough to be discovered and deactivated by enemy, not to mention the possibility that only part of the structure can collapse, changing the wave resonance of the remaining structure. Is far more reliable with a bomb.
To artificially make the Haiti eartquake (as suggested), in the event that "is possible" ???... to create an earthquake with waves in resonance with certain earth plateau (only one plateau, coz earthquake have to be local, not global), how HAARP can manage to focalize such waves in one place, so distant..??..Thru satellites...
..?.. How such waves was not detected..??...At least, Mexico, Cuba and Venezuela in the region have the technology and devices to detect such waves (ANY waves).There are attempts to link this earthquake with other events, political, economical and phisical. In Spain also was an earthquake strong enough to frigthen people.
I know very little about european earth plateau, but when I see earthquake in Argentina, is very natural: West Argentina and Chile are in a big zone of subduction, the crashing of two big earth plateau: American and Pacific. This creates one of the most active earthquake zones of earth, the same that create the young andean chain mountains, a vertebral spine of all South America. If you track the localizations of Argentina's small earthquakes, all are consistent with the zone of subduction beneath the earth.
We still know little about earth cortex, and we amaze when a chain of events happens in little time. But if we search in the past, we discover that major cathatstophic events has happen in very little time thru a big activity, as the rise of the Andes mountains, for example.
Some say that earth cortex have cycles of major activities. Maybe this is just telling us that the peaceful era is coming to end...???..
Earthquake in Haiti - Peter Lemkin - 28-01-2010
HAITI CIA IN
Haiti 1959-1994
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3-4)
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (370-83)
Blum,W. The CIA: A Forgotten History. 1986 (162-3)
Frazier,H. Uncloaking the CIA. 1978 (191)
Intelligence/Parapolitics (Paris) 1988-07 (7-8)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (A1, 5)
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (1A, 23, 1A, 23)
pages cited this search: 27
Order hard copy of these pages
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The names below are mentioned on the listed pages with the name
HAITI CIA IN
Click on a name for a new proximity search:
ABRAMS ELLIOTT L
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (371)
ARISTIDE JEAN-BERTRAND
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (370-383)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (1 5)
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (1 23 1 23)
AVRIL PROSPER
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (371)
BARNES MICHAEL D (D-MD)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (1)
BAZIN MARC
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (372-374)
BERLANGER LEOPOLD
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (374)
BRISKMAN MARK
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (1 1)
BROWN RONALD HARMON
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (378)
CAMPBELL JAMES E (CIA)
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
CASTILLO CELERINO III
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
CEDRAS RAOUL
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (374 376-378 380-381)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (5)
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY
Intelligence/Parapolitics (Paris) 1988-07 (7)
CLERJEUNE LEOPOLD
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
COLLINS PATRICK (COL)
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (376)
CONSTANT EMMANUEL (TOTO)
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (376)
DOUCETTE SUZANNE J
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (4)
DUVALIER FRANCOIS (PAPA DOC)
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
DUVALIER JEAN-CLAUDE (BABY DOC)
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (370-371)
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
FOSTER MICHAEL (FBI)
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
FRANCOIS J MICHEL
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (373 377 379)
GRECO ANTHONY JR
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (4)
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
GRIMM ANNABELLE
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
GUATEMALA CIA IN
Blum,W. The CIA: A Forgotten History. 1986 (163)
HAITIAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (373-374)
HALPERIN MORTON H
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (4)
HEINL ROBERT DEBS
Blum,W. The CIA: A Forgotten History. 1986 (162)
HONORAT JEAN-JACQUES
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (373)
KOZAK MICHAEL G
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (378)
LATELL BRIAN
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (374 377)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (5)
LEVINE MICHAEL (DEA)
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
MALARY GUY
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (376)
MCFARLIN MARK D
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
MICHEL SMARCK
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (382)
NAMPHY HENRI
Intelligence/Parapolitics (Paris) 1988-07 (7-8)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (5)
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT DEMOCRACY
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (373-374)
Intelligence/Parapolitics (Paris) 1988-07 (7)
PAUL EVANS
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
PEZZULLO LAWRENCE A
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (379)
PRUDHOMME ERNST
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
RICHARD YVES
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (370)
SALEM EMAD A
Assn. National Security Alumni. Unclassified 1994-01 (3)
SHARPE RICHARD
Intelligence/Parapolitics (Paris) 1988-07 (7)
SYLVAIN DIDEROT
San Antonio Express-News 1993-11-14 (23 23)
TORRICELLI ROBERT G (D-NJ)
New York Times 1993-11-01 (1 5)
TRIEST HUGO
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (374)
TRUJILLO RAFAEL LEONIDAS
Frazier,H. Uncloaking the CIA. 1978 (191)
WERLEIGH CLAUDETTE
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (382)
WHITE ROBERT E
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (377)
YOUNG ANDREW
Blum,W. Killing Hope. 1995 (372)
Earthquake in Haiti - Peter Lemkin - 28-01-2010
History of US Military, CIA Involvement in Haiti
Data Compiled from CIA Base
http://www.peacenowar.net/Americas/News/Haiti.htm
1) CORPORATE INTERESTS
2) COVERT ACTIONS
3) DEATH SQUADS
4) HAIT DRUG CONNECTIONS
5) US INVOLVEMENT IN HAITI ELECTIONS
6) INTEL-POLICY
7) LABOR-CIA CONNECTIONS TO HAITI
8) Source Documents for CIABASE
1) CORPORATE INTERESTS
83-93 OVER LAST DECADE, U.S. AID HAS WORKED HARD TO PROMOTE HAITI
AS A LOW-WAGE ASSEMBLY-EXPORT SITE FOR U.S. COMPANIES FLEEING OFFSHORE.
AID'S PROJECTS DO LITTLE TO ALLEVIATE HAITI'S POVERTY. NACLA (MAGAZINE RE
LATIN AMERICA) 2/94 37-40
93 NED/CIPE GRANT RE BUSINESS INTERESTS. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 9/93 71
MAJOR SMEDLEY BUTLER WHO COMMANDED MARINE LANDING IN NICARAGUA 09 AND 12
SUMMARIZED HIS CAREER BEFORE LEGIONNAIRES CONVENTION: "I SPENT YEARS BEING
A HIGH CLASS MUSCLE MAN FOR BIG BUSINESS, FOR WALL STREET AND THE BANKERS.
IN SHORT I WAS A RACKETEER FOR CAPITALISM. I HELPED PURIFY NICARAGUA FOR
THE INTERNATIONAL BANKING HOUSE OF BROWN BROTHERS IN 02-12. I HELPED MAKE
MEXICO SAFE FOR AMERICAN OIL INTERESTS IN 16. I BROUGHT LIGHT TO DR. FOR
AMERICAN SUGAR INTERESTS IN 16. I HELPED MAKE HAITI AND CUBA A DECENT PLACE
FOR NATIONAL CITY (BANK) BOYS TO COLLECT REVENUE IN. I HELPED IN THE RAPE
OF A HALF A DOZEN CENTRAL AMERICAN REPUBLICS FOR THE BENEFIT OF WALL
STREET." CHOMSKY, N. (1985). TURNING THE TIDE 94-5
2) COVERT ACTIONS
77-90 CARTER ADM SPONSORED APPROXIMATELY A DOZEN COVERT OPERATIONS, WHICH
GREW TO OVER 50 UNDER REAGAN. FUNDING IN ETHIOPIA, WAS $500,000 ANNUALLY
FROM 1981-86. THOUGH THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION WAS INITIALLY RELUCTANT TO
INITIATE NEW COVERT ACTIONS, THE CIA WAS BUSY IN HAITI. COVERT ACTION
INFORMATION BULLETIN (NOW COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY) WINTER 94/95
93 TO LAUNCH DEMOCRACY PROJECTS CLINTON CREATING TWO POSITIONS - ONE IN
STATE DEPT TO BE HEADED BY FORMER COLORADO SENATOR TIMOTHY E. WIRTH, AND
OTHER IN PENTAGON HEADED BY MORTON HALPERIN. ASST SECRETARY FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS AT STATE DEPT FILLED BY JOHN SHATTUCK. JOB TO INCLUDE DIRECTING
DEMOCRATIZATION EFFORT UNDER WIRTH. U.S. TO INVOLVE WORLD BANK AND OTHER
INTERNATIONAL LENDING INSTITUTIONS. MAIN ELEMENTS TO BE INFO AND
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AS U.S. NOW EXPERIMENTING WITH IN EASTERN EUROPE SINCE
89 SPREADING MESSAGE OF DEMOCRACY WILL BE JOB OF U.S. INFORMATION AGENCY
(USIA) AND SOME COMBINATIONS OF VOICE OF AMERICA, RADIO FREE EUROPE, RADIO
LIBERTY AND EMBRYONIC RADIO FREE ASIA. SOME PROGRAMS TO BE RUN DIRECTLY BY
USIA OR AID BUT SOME WILL USE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED).
DISCUSSION OF PROBLEM OF HAITI INCLUDES ROLES FOR AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION,
THE AFL-CIO, THE U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. PAST INSTANCES WHERE "NATION
BUILDING" OR "CIVIC ACTION" ONLY SERVED AS U.S. SEAL OF APPROVAL FOR LOCAL
MILITARY REPRESSION AND CORRUPTION. WASHINGTON POST 5/5/93 A28
61 DUVALIER THREATENED BY A CIA COUP ATTEMPT WHEN CIA SUPPLIED
ARMS TO HIS OPPONENTS - PLOT FAILED. NEW YORK TIMES 11/14/93 12
85-93 CIA PAID KEY MEMBERS MILITARY REGIME FROM MID 80S TO AT
LEAST 91 COUP AGAINST ARISTIDE. CIA TRIED TO FUNNEL MONEY TO ARISTIDE'S
CRITICS DURING HAITI'S 87-88 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN BUT SENATE OPPOSITION
BLOCKED PLAN. AP 11/01/93
88 CIA TRIED TO INFLUENCE ELECTION IN 88 BUT BALLOT WIDELY
PERCEIVED AS RIGGED BY MILITARY AND CAMPAIGN MARKED BY KILLINGS OF
CIVILIANS. NEW YORK TIMES 11/1/93 A1,8
90-93 PRESS RELEASE, "COVERT STRATEGY TO UNDO ARISTIDE GVT
APPARENT." DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST MEDIA, POLICY-MAKERS & U.S.
PUBLIC. YESTERDAY'S METHODS, TODAYS TARGET. DAMAGES DEMOCRACY IN HAITI.
DURING ASRISTIDE ADM, HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES FELL BY 75%...AND NOT ONE
VIOLATION COULD BE ATTRIBUTED TO GVT. JUSTICE DEPT DOCUMENTS FILED IN MAY
92 REVEALED THAT D.C. ATTORNEY MCCANDLESS HIRED PR FIRM CRAIG SHIRLEY
ASSOCIATES "TO DIRECT...UNFAVORABLE PR AGAINST FORMER PRESIDENT ARISTIDE."
DETAILS OF MCCANDLESS PLAN. WASHINGTON OFFICE ON HAITI RELEASE FILED 2/1/93
4 PAGES
90-94 ARTICLE BY JANE REGAN, A.I.D.ING U.S. INTERESTS IN HAITI. IN
AFTERMATH OF INVASION, ARISTIDE GVT STRUGGLING TO MAINTAIN CONTROL. BUT HAS
RAISED A WHITE FLAG TO JUGGERNAUT OF U.S.'S MOST SOPHISTICATED MECHANISM OF
CONTROL THE DEVELOPMENT/AID MACHINE. MEANWHILE POPULAR MOVEMENT IS
RESURFACING AND GAINING STRENGTH. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (NOW
COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY) WINTER 94/95 7-13
91-92 "HAITIANS LOOK FOR U.S. HAND IN WHATEVER BEFALLS THEIR
NATION." PERCEPTION OF U.S. AS A GRAND PUPPETEER, BORN OF TWO CENTURIES OF
STRAINED RELATIONS, AND 2 DECADES OF MARINE OCCUPATION. HAND OF CIA SEEN
EVERYWHERE. U.S. SLAPPED AN EMBARGO ON HAITI AFTER THE OVERTHROW OF
ARISTIDE BUT THIS PUZZLES HAITIANS WHO BLAME U.S. FOR COUP. DETAILS OF
EARLY MARINE OCCUPATIONS OF HAITI. WASHINGTON POST 6/17/92 A33
94 A SECRET CONTINGENCY PLAN TO NEUTRALIZE OPPONENTS OF ARISTIDE
APPROVED. $5 MILLION PLAN DEVOTES ONE MILLION TO PROPAGANDA. CIA HAS
ALREADY USED SOME OF ONE MILLION FOR COVERT RADIO BROADCASTS AND TO
PENETRATE MILITARY GROUPS. U.S. ALREADY SUPPORTING OVERT RADIO PROGRAM THAT
BROADCAST MESSAGES FROM ARISTIDE AND DISTRIBUTES PRO-ARISTIDE LEAFLETS. NEW
YORK TIMES 9/28/94 A8
94 AFTER U.S. FORCES OCCUPY AND THEN LEAVE HAITI, A HOST OF
MILITARY, CIA AND CIVILIAN ADVISERS TO STAY AS PARTICIPANTS IN HAITI'S
AFFAIRS. ICITAP, U.S. AGENCY TO REBUILD HAITI'S POLICE - TO BRING IN
SEVERAL HUNDRED TRAINERS TO MOLD A 5000 MAN FORCE. DR. LOUIS KERNISAN, A
DIA ATTACHE FROM 89 THRU 91, PREDICTS NO POPULAR UPRISING. KERNISAN NOW A
KEY OCCUPATION FIGURE AND IS PLANNING TO RETRAIN HAITIAN POLICE. HE
OPERATES OUT OF ICITAP, AN OFFSHOOT OF FBI THAT WAS CREATED IN 86 TO
PROVIDE TRAINING FOR SECURITY FORCES FOR EL SALVADOR AND GUATEMALA. CURRENT
PLANS CALL FOR DISSOLVING HAITIAN ARMY AND POLICE. U.S. HAS LARGE NET OF
ARMY TRAINEES, DIA INFORMANTS, AND CIA ASSETS. KERNISAN SAYS HE HAS A LIST
OF RELIABLE HAITIAN OFFICERS. RIGHT-WING PM HIT UNIT FRAP DISCUSSED. WHEN
BABY DOC OVERTHROWN CONGRESS BLOCKED REQUESTED AID FOR REFORM. BUT CIA
CREATED HAITI'S NATIONAL INTEL SERVICE (SIN) OSTENSIBLY AN ANTI-DRUGS UNIT
- WHICH ATTACKED HAITIAN DISSIDENTS. DONALD TERRY, WITH CIA STATION IN
HAITI NOW POSTED TO PARIS. CIA BEEFING UP HAITI STATION AND RECRUITING NEW
ASSETS. OCCUPATION CAN BE EXPECTED TO RUN PER ARMY'S MILITARY OPERATIONS IN
LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT. DETAILS GIVEN. THE NATION 10/3/94 344
94 CLINTON AUTHORIZED IN EARLY SEPT 94 FOR CIA TO DESTABILIZE
REGIME OF CEDRAS BY IDENTIFYING DISSIDENTS AND SUPPLYING THEM WITH COUP
MATERIALS. CIA AUTHORIZED TO SPEND UP TO $12 MILLION ON COVERT OPS IN HAITI
INCLUDING REMOVAL OF THE THREE MILITARY LEADERS AND CIA MUST NOW WORK
AGAINST ITS FORMER HAITIAN COLLEAGUES. INTELLIGENCE NEWSLETTER 9/22/94 5
94 EARLY IN 94 WHITE HOUSE VETOED PROPOSAL FOR CIA TO BRIBE
HAITIAN MILITARY OFFICERS AND PARLIAMENTARIANS TO OPPOSE CEDRAS. INTEL
SOURCES SAY CIA LUKEWARM TO PLAN. WHITE HOUSE FEARED PLANS WOULD LEAK TO
MEDIA. NEWSWEEK 7/4/94 6
3) DEATH SQUADS
53-94 SPONSORSHIP BY CIA OF DEATH SQUAD ACTIVITY COVERED IN SUMMARY FORM.
NOTES THAT IN HAITI CIA ADMITTED LT. GENERAL RAOUL CEDRAS AND OTHER
HIGH-RANKING OFFICIALS "WERE" ON ITS PAYROLL AND ARE HELPING ORGANIZE
VIOLENT REPRESSION IN HAITI. LUIS MORENO, AN EMPLOYEE OF STATE DEPT, HAS
BRAGGED HE HELPED COLOMBIAN ARMY CREATE A DATABASE OF SUBVERSIVES,
TERRORISTS AND DRUG DEALERS." HIS SUPERIOR IN OVERSEEING INS FOR
SOUTHEASTERN U.S., IS GUNTHER WAGNER, FORMER NAZI SOLDIER AND A KEY MEMBER
OF NOW-DEFUNCT OFFICE OF PUBLIC SAFETY (OPS), AN AID PROJECT WHICH HELPED
TRAIN CI AND TERRORISM IN DOZENS OF COUNTRIES. WAGNER WORKED IN VIETNAM AS
PART OF OPERATION PHOENIX AND IN NICARAGUA WHERE HE HELPED TRAIN NATIONAL
GUARD. ARTICLE ALSO DETAILS MASSACRES IN INDONESIA. HAITI INFO 4/23/94 3,4
93 JAMES CARROLL WROTE EDITORIAL ABOUT U.S. ARMY'S SCHOOL OF AMERICAS IN
FORT BENNING. IT IS "THE U.S. SCHOOL THAT TEACHES MILITARIES HOW TO
TORTURE." AMONG RENOWNED ALUMNI ARE VARIOUS LATIN AMERICAN STRONGMEN,
INCLUDING DICTATORS IN BOLIVIA, ARGENTINA, EL SALVADOR AND PANAMA. IN PERU
6 OF ARMY OFFICERS CHARGED WITH RECENT MURDERS OF 9 STUDENTS WERE SCHOOL
AMERICAS ALUMNI. IN HONDURAS, 4 OF THE HIGH-RANKING OFFICERS WHO HELPED
CREATE "BATTALION 316" DEATH SQUAD GRADUATED FOR THE SCHOOL. IN COLUMBIA,
THE LIST OF OFFICERS DESIGNATED BY HUMAN RIGHTS ORGS AS WORST OFFENDERS
READS LIKE AN HONOR ROLL FROM FORT BENNING. IN EL SALVADOR, 2 OF 3 OFFICERS
CITED FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF ARCHBISHOP ROMERO, 3 OF 5 CONVICTED OF
KILLING 3 MARYKNOLL NUNS AND THEIR LAY ASSOCIATE, AND 19 OF THE 26 OFFICERS
IMPLICATED BY U.N. "TRUTH COMMISSION" INVESTIGATION OF MURDER OF JESUITS,
WERE GRADUATES. "FOR DECADES ALUMNI OF THE SCHOOL OF AMERICAS HAVE HELPED
FILL MORGUES AND MASS GRAVES OF AN ENTIRE CONTINENT." COLONEL LOUIS MICHEL
FRANCOIS HAS BEEN MOST CLOSELY LINKED TO HAITI DEATH SQUADS, AND HE IS AN
ALUMNI OF THE SCHOOL JUST AS IS GENERAL RAOUL CEDRAS ONE OF THOSE CIA
AGENTS. Z MAGAZINE 2/94 24
85-93 CIA CREATED AN INTEL SERVICE IN HAITI NATIONAL INTEL SERVICE
(S.I.N.) FROM ITS INITIALS IN FRENCH TO FIGHT COCAINE TRADE BUT UNIT BECAME
INSTRUMENT OF POLITICAL TERROR WHOSE OFFICERS ENGAGED IN DRUG TRAFFIC,
KILLINGS AND TORTURE. UNIT PRODUCED LITTLE DRUG INTEL. U.S. CUT TIES TO
GROUP AFTER 91 MILITARY COUP. NEW YORK TIMES 11/14/93 1,12
86-93 INS DATABASE ON ALL ASYLUM INTERVIEWS AT GUANTANAMO. INS, ON
DEMAND, GAVE STATE DEPT UNRESTRICTED ACCESS TO ALL INTERVIEW FILES. U.S.
OFFICERS HAND HAITIAN AUTHORITIES COMPUTER PRINT-OUTS OF NAMES OF ALL
HAITIANS BEING REPATRIATED. CIA FUNDED SERVICE INTELLIGENCE NACIONALE (SIN)
WHO'S DE FACTO PRIMARY FUNCTION WAS A WAR AGAINST POPULAR MOVEMENT -
INCLUDING TORTURE AND ASSASSINATION - A FACT ADMITTED BY A CIA OFFICER TO
AN OFFICIAL IN ARISTIDE'S GVT. U.S. SHARES "ANTI-NARCOTICS INTEL" WITH
HAITIAN MILITARY. THE PROGRESSIVE 4/94 21
90-94 CLINTON ADM DENIED REPORT CIA HELPED SET UP HAITI'S PRO-ARMY
MILITIA - FRAPH. OFFICIALS REFUSED TO COMMENT WHETHER FRAPH LEADER EMMANUEL
CONSTANT WAS A PAID CIA INFORMANT. "NATION" ARTICLE SAID CONSTANT WORKED
FOR BOTH THE CIA AND THE DIA. COL COLLINS OF DIA AND DONALD TERRY OF CIA
WERE HIS CONTACTS. COLLINS URGED CONSTANT TO SET UP FRAPH. MR. CONSTANT PER
WASHINGTON TIMES WAS A PAID U.S. INFORMANT ON HAITIAN POLITICAL ACTIVITIES
AND ASSISTING ANTI-DRUG EFFORTS. RELATIONSHIP BROKEN OFF EARLY THIS YEAR.
FRAPH HAS BEEN LINKED TO MURDERS, PUBLIC BEATINGS AND ARSON. CIA OFFICERS
IN PAST WORKED WITH HAITI'S NATIONAL INTEL SERVICE. WASHINGTON TIMES
10/7/94 A16
90-94 EMANNUEL CONSTANT, LEADER OF HAITI'S FRAPH HIT SQUAD, WORKED
FOR CIA AND U.S. INTEL HELPED LAUNCH FRAPH. HAITI'S DREADED ATTACHES PAID
FOR BY A U.S. GVT-FUNDED PROJECT THAT MAINTAINS SENSITIVE FILES ON HAITI'S
POOR. IN 10/3/94, ISSUE OF NATION CARRIED NAIRN'S ARTICLE "THE EAGLE IS
LANDING," HE QUOTED A U.S. OFFICIAL PRAISING CONSTANT AS A YOUNG REPUBLICAN
THAT U.S. INTEL HAD ENCOURAGED TO FORM FRAPH. CONSTANT CONFIRMED THAT
ACCOUNT. HE FIRST SAID HIS HANDLER WAS COL. PATRICK COLLINS, DIA ATTACHE IN
HAITI, AND LATER CLAIMED ANOTHER U. S. OFFICIAL URGED HIM TO FORM FRAPH.
COLLINS FIRST APPROACHED CONSTANT WHILE HE TAUGHT A COURSE AT HQS OF
CIA-RUN NATIONAL INTEL SERVICE (SIN) AND BUILT UP A COMPUTER DATA BASE AT
BUREAU OF INFO AND COORDINATION. FRAPH ORIGINALLY WAS CALLED HAITIAN
RESISTANCE LEAGUE. CONSTANT WAS WORKING FOR THE CIA AT SIN WHILE IT
ATTACKED THE POOR. THE NATION 10/24/94 458
90-95 EMMANUEL CONSTANT FORMER HEAD OF FRAPH TOLD 60 MINUTES THAT
CIA NEVER CONFRONTED HIM ABOUT FRAPH'S ACTIVITIES DESPITE DAILY MEETINGS.
CIA SPOKESMAN MARK MANSFIELD DENIED ANY CIA ROLE IN FUNDING OR GUIDING
FRAPH AND "ANY CLAIM THAT CIA HAS BEEN INVOLVED IN ANTI-DEMOCRATIC
REPRESSION IN HAITI IS OUTRAGEOUS." WASHINGTON TIMES 12/3/95 A9
90-96 A 10/93 CIA REPORT STATED INFORMANTS HELPED ORGANIZE THE
MURDER OF HAITI'S JUSTICE MINISTER, AS THE CIA CONTINUED TO PAY ONE.
HAITIANS WERE GEN PHILLIPE BIAMBY AND EMMANUAL CONSTANT COMMANDER OF FRAPH.
THE U.S. FLEW BIAMBY OUT OF THE COUNTRY WITH LT. GEN. RAOUL CEDRAS. 23
RELATIVES OF BIAMBY AND CEDRAS WERE ADMITTED TO THE U.S. TO ENSURE THEIR
WITHDRAWAL FROM HAITI. CONSTANT WAS A PAID INFORMANT OF THE CIA UNTIL THE
SPRING OF 64. WASHINGTON POST 10/12/96 A25
90-96 A REUTERS ARTICLE SAID, A HAITIAN PARAMILITARY LEADER AND
CIA INFORMANT, EMMANUAL "TOTO" CONSTANT, ADMITTED TO THE PLANNING OF THE
MURDER OF HAITI JUSTICE MINISTER, GUY MALLORY. ALSO IMPLICATED WERE COL.
PHILIPPE BIAMBY, RET., WHO WAS THE NUMBER TWO TO LT. GEN. RAOUL CEDRAS, WHO
OVERTHREW ARISTIDE -- AND THE REVOLUTIONARY FRONT FOR HAITIAN ADVANCEMENT
AND PROGRESS. CONSTANT WAS ON CIA PAYROLL, A FACT CONFIRMED BY CIA, THOUGH
THEY DENIED COMPLICITY. HOWEVER, CONSTANT VISITED THE US AND WAS ARRESTED,
BUT CIA INTERVENED ON HIS BEHALF WITH A PROVISO HE NOT DISCUSS HIS CIA
ACTIVITIES. SWEENFAM TELEPORT.COM 10/13/96
90-96 IN EARLY 10/94 THE U.S. MILITARY RAIDED THE HQS OF THE
NOTORIOUS FRONT POUR L'AVANCEMENT ET LE PROGRES DE L'HAITI (FRAPH) DEATH
SQUADS AND CARRIED AWAY 160,000 PAGES OF FRAPH ARCHIVES DETAILING RELATIONS
WITH THE CIA AND THE DIA (INT, N. 25/81). FRAPH LEADER EMMANUEL CONSTANT,
DETAINED IN THE U.S. FOR IMMIGRATION INFRACTIONS, REVEALED HE WAS A PAID
CIA AGENT (INT, N. 27/67). HAITI WANTS CONSTANT AND THE ARCHIVES SO IT CAN
"CLEAN UP" DEATH SQUAD REMNANTS. BUT THIS WOULD REVEAL AMERICAN INVOLVEMENT
IN MUCH OF THE DEATH SQUAD'S ACTIVITIES. CONSTANT WAS RELEASED FROM A
MARYLAND IMMIGRATION DETENTION CENTER ON 14 JUNE AND STAYS SUPPOSEDLY AT
HIS MOTHER'S HOUSE IN NEW YORK. HAITIAN AUTHORITIES BELIEVE CONSTANT AND
THE FRAPH WERE INVOLVED IN OVER 3,000 MURDERS DURING THE THREE-YEAR
MILITARY REGIME THAT FOLLOWED THE 1991 COUP. INTELLIGENCE - A COMPUTERIZED
INTELLIGENCE NEWSLETTER PUBLISHED IN FRANCE 7/15/96
90-96 SEVERAL HUNDRED PAGES OF U.S. DOCUMENTS RE FRAPH WERE
OBTAINED BY THE CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS FOR A SUIT FILED BY ALERTE
BELANCE, AN ARISTE SUPPORTER NOW LIVING IN NEW JERSEY. SHE SAYS THE GROUP
ABDUCTED HER IN 93 AND ATTACKED HER WITH A MACHETE BEFORE LEAVING HER FOR
DEAD. TESTIMONY LATER FROM FRAPH MEMBERS WHO SAID THEY FLED IN DISGUST.
"WHEN THEY KILL AND RAPE PEOPLE, WE (NEW MEMBERS) ARE FORCED TO SIT AND
WATCH," A CABLE QUOTED A FORMER OPERATIVE AS SAYING, ADDING, "HE ALSO
RELATED THAT LATER YOU ARE FORCED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE KILLINGS AND
RAPES." NEW YORK TIMES INTERNATIONAL 2/6/96
91-94 EMMANUEL CONSTANT (SON OF A DUVALIER GENERAL), WHO HAD BEEN
ON THE CIA PAYROLL SINCE THE MID-'80S. WITH U.S. INTEL ADVICE, FORMED
FRAPH. A POLITICAL FRONT AND PARAMILITARY DEATH SQUAD OFFSHOOT OF THE
HAITIAN ARMY, THAT BEGAN TO SYSTEMATICALLY TARGET DEMOCRATIC MILITANTS AND
HOLD THE COUNTRY HOSTAGE WITH SEVERAL ARMED STRIKES. ON 10/11/93, DAY
U.S.S. HARLAN COUNTY AND U.S. AND CANADIAN SOLDIERS WERE TO LAND, EVEN
THOUGH CIA HAD BEEN TIPPED OFF, FRAPH ORGANIZED A DOCKSIDE DEMONSTRATION OF
SEVERAL DOZEN ARMED THUGS. SHIP TURNED AROUND. U.S. ASYLUM PROCESSING
PROGRAM HAND-PICKED AND EXPORTED ALMOST 2,000 GRASSROOTS LEADERS. IN THREE
YEARS AFTER COUP, 7,000-MAN ARMY AND ITS PARAMILITARY ASSISTANTS KILLED AT
LEAST 3,000 AND PROBABLY OVER 4,000 PEOPLE, TORTURED THOUSANDS, AND CREATED
TENS OF THOUSANDS OF REFUGEES AND 300,000 INTERNALLY DISPLACED PEOPLE.
COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (NOW COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY) WINTER
94/95 7-13
91-94 HAITIAN PM CHIEF SPIED FOR CIA. EMMANUEL "TOTO" CONSTANT,
HEAD OF HAITI'S NOTORIOUS FRAPH, SECRETLY PROVIDED INFO TO U.S. INTEL WHILE
HIS GROUP KILLED PEOPLE. CONSTANT PAID BY CIA FOR GIVING INTEL OFFICERS
INFO ABOUT ARISTIDE BEGINNING SHORTLY AFTER ARISTIDE OUSTED IN 9/91 COUP.
CIA DROPPED HIM LAST SPRING. CONSTANT'S ORG BLAMED FOR KILLING HUNDREDS OF
SUPPORTERS OF ARISTIDE - AND ORGANIZING DEMONSTRATION THAT DROVE OFF U.S.
TROOP-CARRYING HARLAN COUNTY LAST OCTOBER. IN "NATION" ARTICLE U.S. DEFENSE
ATTACHE, COL. PATRICK COLLINS, HAD ENCOURAGED CONSTANT TO FORM FRAPH. U.S.
INTEL AGENCIES HAD EXTENSIVE PENETRATION OF HAITIAN MILITARY AND PM GROUPS.
USING CONSTANT AS SOURCE MAY EXPLAIN WHY CIA'S REPORTING ON ARISTIDE WAS
SKEWED. FRAPH NOT FORMED UNTIL 8/93, 9 MONTHS AFTER COLLINS LEFT HAITI.
WASHINGTON POST 10/9/94 A1,30
92-96 CIA SUPPORT TO DEATH SQUADS IN HAITI. IN HAITI SPIES, AND
WARRIORS REFUSED TO ACCEPT THAT HAITIANS DEMOCRATICALLY CHOSE ARISTIDE, A
POPULAR PRIEST FROM SLUMS, AS THEIR LEADER. ANYONE WORKING FOR U.S. IN LAST
DECADE LEARNED IT WAS COWBOY HEAVEN. "REPRESSION WORKS," JOHN KAMBOURIAN,
CIA STATION CHIEF FROM 1992-1994 SAID. AFTER KAMBOURIAN ARRIVED IN 1992,
THE CIA STATION EMBARKED ON ANTI-ARISTIDE SPREE, LAUNCHING A SMEAR CAMPAIGN
FOCUSED ON ARISTIDE'S MENTAL HEALTH. HE VOWED THAT ARISTIDE WOULD NEVER
AGAIN SET FOOT ON THE ISLAND AND FUNCTIONED AS THE BEHIND-THE-SCENES
BACKERS OF FRAPH, THE PARAMILITARY TERRORIST ORGANIZATION. KAMBOURIAN'S
COLLEAGUE, ELLEN COSGROVE, WAS REMOVED AFTER HER CO-WORKERS LEAKED A MEMO
IN WHICH SHE ARGUED THAT THE MILITARY'S USE OF RAPE AS A POLITICAL WEAPON
WAS GREATLY EXAGGERATED AND SAID, "FOR A RANGE OF CULTURAL REASONS, RAPE
HAS NEVER BEEN CONSIDERED OR REPORTED AS A SERIOUS CRIME HERE." PEOPLE WERE
WORKING OPENLY TO SUBVERT U.S. POLICY, AND THAT WAS HAPPENING WITH CIA AND
DAO [DEFENSE ATTACHES OFFICE]. WHEN THE U.S. SPECIAL FORCES LANDED IN HAITI
THEY TRIED TO EMASCULATE FRAPH. BUT THEY WERE TOLD TO BACK OFF AND BEGAN
WHITEWASHING FRAPH. FRAPH WAS CALLED A LOYAL OPPOSITION. POLICIES CONTINUED
TODAY BY U.S. ARMY LT. COL. STEPHEN LOVASZ, WHO WORKED WITH KAMBOURIAN TO
BUILD UP FRAPH. KAMBOURIAN RETURNED TO CIA HQS IN 10/94 WHERE HE NOW
DIRECTS THE HAITI WORKING GROUP. OP-ED BY BOB SHACOCHIS IN THE OUTLOOK,
WASHINGTON POST 3/31/96 C1,2
93 YOUNG MEN KIDNAPPED BY ARMED THUGS SELDOM REAPPEAR. UNDER DE
FACTO GVT, AS MANY AS 3000 MAY HAVE BEEN KILLED. ARISTIDE NEGOTIATING HIS
RETURN WITH U.N. THE NATION 5/3/93 580
95 NATIONAL POLICE CHIEF ADRIAN RAMEAU WAS FIRED BY PRESIDENT
JEAN-BERTRAND ARISTIDE ON 30 NOVEMBER. MR. RAMEAU HAD BEEN NAMED HEAD OF
THE NEW POLICE FORCE ONLY SIX MONTHS AGO, BUT SINCE THEN THERE HAVE BEEN A
NUMBER OF UNEXPLAINED FATAL SHOOTINGS BY THE POLICE. MR. RAMEAU HAD ALSO
BEEN CRITICIZED FOR HIS LACK OF BACKGROUND IN POLICE WORK. HE IS TO BE
REPLACED BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL FOUREL CELESTIN, A FORMER HAITIAN ARMY
OFFICER IN CHARGE OF SECURITY AT THE NATIONAL PALACE. INTELLIGENCE - A
COMPUTERIZED INTELLIGENCE NEWSLETTER PUBLISHED IN FRANCE 12/11/95 24
90-96 WASHINGTON COZY WITH DEATH-SQUAD LEADER. WASHINGTON'S REFUSAL
TO EXTRADITE LEADER OF THE FRAPH DEATH SQUAD, EMMANUEL "TOTO" CONSTANT, TO
HAITI TYPIFIES U.S. POLICY TOWARD THAT COUNTRY. WHILE BACKING THE ELECTED
GOVERNMENT IN PUBLIC, THE U.S./U.N MILITARY OCCUPATION PROTECTS
DUVALIERISTS AND MACOUTES. WHEN U.S. MILITARY RETURNED FORMER HAITIAN
PRESIDENT ARISTIDE TO OFFICE, THEY DEMANDED HE RECONCILE HIS POPULAR
GOVERNMENT WITH THE BACKERS OF THE COUP THAT OVERTHREW IT. WASHINGTON IS
ATTEMPTING TO HIDE THE CLOSE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CIA AND FRAPH -- A
RIGHT-WING GANG RESPONSIBLE FOR KILLING AT LEAST 5,000 HAITIANS DURING THE
COUP. OVER A YEAR AGO, THE HAITIAN GOVERNMENT FILED AN EXTRADITION REQUEST
FOR CONSTANT, FRAPH'S LEADER. HE HAD BEEN LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES AFTER
ARISTIDE RETURNED TO HAITI. UNDER A DEPORTATION ORDER, HE SPENT A YEAR IN A
MARYLAND JAIL. HE WAS RELEASED LAST MONTH AND IS NOW LIVING IN THE NEW YORK
AREA. THE AGREEMENT TO RELEASE CONSTANT WAS DRAWN UP BY THE STATE
DEPARTMENT, IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, JUSTICE AND THE NSC. IT
ALLOWS HIM TO WORK HERE AND TO GO TO ANY COUNTRY HE WANTS -- OTHER THAN
HAITI. IN EXCHANGE, CONSTANT DROPPED A LAWSUIT AGAINST THE STATE DEPARTMENT
IN WHICH HE ASSERTED THAT HIS ACTIONS WERE PART OF A COLLABORATION WITH THE
CIA TO UNDERMINE ARISTIDE'S RETURN BY EXPOSING HIM AS A POLITICAL
EXTREMIST. WHILE CONSTANT WAS HEAD OF FRAPH, HE WAS A PAID CIA INFORMANT.
INS JUSTIFIED HIS RELEASE ON GROUNDS THAT HIS FORMER EMPLOYER, THE CIA, HAD
LEARNED OF A PLAN TO MURDER HIM IN JAIL. IT ALSO CLAIMED THAT THE HAITIAN
JUSTICE SYSTEM COULDN'T OFFER HIM A FAIR TRIAL. TO PREVENT FULL EXPOSURE OF
THE CIA'S TIES TO FRAPH AND WASHINGTON'S TIES TO THE COUP LEADERS, THE U.S.
IS HOLDING 160,000 PAGES OF DOCUMENTS, PLUS VIDEO AND AUDIO TAPES, THAT
SOLDIERS SEIZED FROM FRAPH AND ARMY OFFICES. THE GROWING STRENGTH OF THE
MACOUTES HAVE INCREASED TENSIONS IN HAITI. WORKERS WORLD NEWSPAPER 8/8/96
CIA OFFICER ASSIGNED 73-75 COORDINATION WITH TON-TON MACOUTE,
"BABY DOC'S" DUVALIER'S PRIVATE DEATH SQUAD. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION
BULLETIN (NOW COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY) 9/80 P16
4) HAITI DRUG CONNECTIONS
88-93 ALEXANDRA MARKS OF CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR WROTE ON
ANTI-DRUG INTEL CENTER ESTABLISHED IN HAITI IN 88 BY DEA BUT WAS
EFFECTIVELY CONTROLLED BY CIA-CREATED, FINANCED AND TRAINED HAITIAN
NATIONAL INTEL SERVICE (SIN). DEA BELIEVED SIN WAS THE U.S.-FINANCED CENTER
FOR DRUG OPS WITH CIA PROTECTING HAITIAN OFFICERS IN RETURN FOR A
CONTINUING INTEL RELATIONSHIP. UNCLASSIFIED 1/94 3
88-93 TIM WEINER OF NYT SAID "CIA FORMED HAITIAN UNIT LATER TIED
TO NARCOTICS" - HAVING CREATED HAITIAN INTEL SERVICE, CIA FAILED TO INSURE
THAT SEVERAL MILLION DOLLARS SPENT TRAINING AND EQUIPPING SERVICE FROM 86
TO 91 WAS ACTUALLY USED IN WAR ON DRUGS. UNCLASSIFIED 1/94 3-4
90-94 DEA CHIEF MIAMI, THOMAS CASH, TOLD STORY FROM INFORMANT OF
ARISTIDE'S INVOLVEMENT IN DRUG TRADE. INFO FROM UNCORROBATED SOURCE. THE
NATION 10/31/94 482,96
92 ONLY WEEKS AGO U.S. ADAMANT IN RESOLVE TO FORCE RETURN OF
OUSTED HAITIAN PRESIDENT ARISTIDE TO GOVERN COUNTRY. NOW HE WARNED THAT HE
WOULD HAVE TO NEGOTIATE HIS POSSIBLE RETURN WITH CURRENT HAITIAN
LEADERSHIP. FLIP-FLOP DUE TO A RE-EXAMINING OF ARISTIDE'S BRIEF TENURE AS
PRESIDENT. ONE CONCERN WHETHER DRUG CORRUPTION, WHICH FLOURISHED UNDER
PREVIOUS REGIMES, ALSO PERSISTED UNDER ARISTIDE. DISCUSSES ROLAND SEIDE.
JACK ANDERSON WASHINGTON POST 7/16/92 C11
93 HAITI'S LARGEST TRAFFICKER OF COCAINE, FERNANDO BURGOS
MARTINEZ, OPERATES FREELY PER DEA STUDY. WASHINGTON POST 4/4/93 A41
5) US INVOLVEMENT IN HAITI ELECTIONS
83-93 DESPITE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY'S PROFESSIONS OF SUPPORT FOR
HAITIAN DEMOCRACY, LONG PROCESS OF U.S.-BROKERED NEGOTIATIONS HAS RESULTED
IN SLOW STRANGULATION OF HAITI'S FIRST DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED GVT AND IT
POPULAR-NATIONALIST PROGRAM. ENTIRE ISSUE DEVOTED TO HAITI. NACLA (MAGAZINE
RE LATIN AMERICA) 2/94 26-29
85-94 CLINTON'S HYPOCRITICAL "LOW-INTENSITY DEMOCRACY," VIA STATE
DEPT, AID, PENTAGON, CIA, NED, ETC. PROGRAM PART OF POST COLD-WAR SHIFT IN
METHODS OF SOCIAL CONTROL OVER 3RD WORLD. TOUTED AS "DEMOCRACY PROMOTION,"
IT AIMS TO BLUNT MOST SCANDALOUS ABUSES AND CREATE A DEMOCRATIC FACADE AND
TO PRESERVE EXPLOITATIVE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ORDER. RELIES LESS ON COERCION
THAN ON SOPHISTICATED MECHANISMS OF IDEOLOGICAL HEGEMONY, POLITICAL
COOPTATION AND NEW FORMS OF ECONOMIC DOMINATION. SINCE 85, U.S. BEGAN NEW
PROGRAM OF "TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY," WHICH INVOLVED ECONOMIC, POLITICAL
AND MILITARY AID. BETWEEN 86-90, AID FUNNELED $300 MILLION TO HAITI, WHILE
PENTAGON GAVE SMALLER AMOUNTS. CIA SET UP AND FUNDED A NATIONAL INTEL
SERVICE (SIN), THAT BECAME AN ORGANIZATION FOR POLITICAL REPRESSION. STATE
DEPT'S OFFICE OF DEMOCRATIC INITIATIVES LAUNCHED $10 MILLION PROGRAM FOR
ORGANIZING, FUNDING AND SUPERVISING SEPT 90 ELECTION - WHICH TO U.S.'S
SURPRISE RESULTED IN ARISTIDE'S ELECTION. LINCHPIN WAS $3 MILLION SPENT BY
NED BETWEEN 86-91. FUNDS WENT TO VARIETY STRATEGICALLY PLACED ORGS IN CIVIL
SOCIETY, INCLUDING HAITIAN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (IHRED),
HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT RESOURCE CENTER (CHADEL), ASSOCIATION OF
JOURNALISTS, AND FEDERATION OF UNIONIZED WORKERS (FOS) AMONG OTHERS. NED
IGNORED HUNDREDS OF GRASSROOTS ORGS AND FUNDED AN ELITE ALTERNATIVE TO
DUVALIER. IHRED HEAD BERLANGER AND CHADEL LEADER HONORAT APPLAUDED MILITARY
COUP AND HONORAT BECAME PROVISIONAL PM. NED GAVE $2 MILLION FOR PARTY
BUILDING AND CIVIC EDUCATION IN 89 AND 90. CAMPAIGN SPAWNED MARC BAZIN'S
MOVEMENT TO INSTALL DEMOCRACY IN HAITI (MIDH) AND BAZIN SERVED AS ONE OF
MILITARY'S PROVISIONAL PMs. FOLLOWING ARISTIDE'S VICTORY, U.S. INTERVENTION
SOARED. TO STOP GRASSROOTS, U.S. APPROVED $24 MILLION "DEMOCRACY
ENHANCEMENT" PACKAGE. EVIDENCE EMERGING OF LINKS BETWEEN FRAPH AND TONTON
MACOUTES. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN (NOW COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY)
SPRING 94 6-7
86-94 U. S. GOVERNMENT WHETHER STATE, CIA, AID, OR WHITE HOUSE,
NEVER COMFORTABLE WITH ARISTIDE. ON MANY OCCASIONS GVT HAS WORKED TO
UNDERMINE HIM. IN 91, AID ALLOTTED $26 MILLION TO ELITE BUSINESS GROUPS TO
WORK AGAINST ARISTIDE'S REFORMS. CIA SET UP SECRET POLICE UNIT (SIN) WHICH
OVERSAW BRUTAL REPRESSION FROM 86-91. CIA HAD MANY HIGH-RANKING OFFICERS
INCLUDING CEDRAS ON ITS PAYROLL. U.S. FUNDED ORGS WORKED TO HELP ARISTIDE'S
MAIN OPPONENT BAZIN IN 90 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN. AFTER COUP, CIA CONDUCTED
SMEAR CAMPAIGN ON CAPITOL HILL AND MEDIA. U.S. MILITARY SUPPORTED BRUTAL
MILITARY EVEN AFTER COUP. SINCE MID-80s U.S. CREATING PARTIES AND FUNDING
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FAVORED BY U.S. BUSINESSES. AID FINANCED NGO PROJECT
HAS A BUDGET OF $15 MILLION FOR DEMOCRACY ENHANCEMENT AND HAS FOR PAST YEAR
CONDUCTED SEMINARS AND PAID FOR AD CAMPAIGNS. DEMOCRACY CENTER HAS
SUPPORTERS OF BAZIN. ASYLUM-PROMOTING PROJECT GETS FAMILY INFO THAT FED
INTO A COMPUTER PROJECT THAT COULD BE USED TO TARGET FOR REPRESSION. THE
PROGRESSIVE 9/94 19-26
87-88 NED/NDI TO CONVENE WORKSHOP OF HAITIAN PARTY LEADERS ON
PARTY-BUILDING. NDI TO CONVENE INTERNATIONAL TEAM TO OBSERVE ELECTIONS
SCHEDULED FOR 11/87. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 87 57
87-91 CIA WORKED WITH ENEMIES OF ARISTIDE TO UNDERMINE HIM
POLITICALLY. LA TIMES AND NY TIMES REPORTED CIA DEVELOPED A COVERT PLAN IN
87-88 TO STRENGTHEN ARISTIDE'S FOES AND INTERVENE IN ELECTIONS. PLAN
AUTHORIZED BY REAGAN, WAS SUSPENDED BY SENATE INTEL COMMITTEE. A DOCUMENT
SUBMITTED BY CIA TO CONGRESS SAID ARISTIDE UNSTABLE. DOCUMENT BASED ON
UNCONFIRMED REPORTS, MANY OF WHICH ORIGINATED FROM MILITARY OFFICIALS WHO
NOW CONTROL HAITI. DOCUMENT ALSO USED TESTIMONIES OF A PSYCHOLOGIST WHO
ALLEGEDLY TREATED ARISTIDE IN A MONTREAL HOSPITAL, BUT THE DOCTOR'S NAME
APPEARS ON NO MEDICAL MEDICAL REGISTERS IN CANADA, WHILE HOSPITAL HAS NO
RECORDS OF ARISTIDE. ARISTIDE RAN FOR PRESIDENT ON 12/16/90 AND SWEPT
POLLS, CONSIDERED FIRST FREE ELECTIONS EVER IN HAITI, OBTAINING 67.5
PERCENT OF VOTES. SOME OF MILITARY WHO DEPOSED ARISTIDE ON 9/30/91 WERE ON
CIA'S PAYROLL. INTERPRESS SERVICE * 11/4/93
87-91 FROM 87 THRU COUP AGAINST ARISTIDE IN 91, CIA GAVE HAITIAN
MILITARY MILLIONS AT TIME WHEN CONGRESS CUT OFF MILITARY AID BECAUSE
HAITIAN ARMY CANCELLED AN ELECTION. U.S. DOES NOT WANT DEMOCRACY RESTORED.
CIA DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARISTIDE. THE NATION 8/29/94 184
87 IN 87, AMERICA'S DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION RECEIVED $110,000 FOR A
PROJECT IN HAITI WITH THE HAITIAN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT. IN 88, NED GAVE ADF $110,000 TO CONTINUE ITS WORK IN HAITI.
ADF MOVED INTO HAITI IN 87 WITH A NED GRANT TO WORK WITH HAITIAN
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN ITS "FORUM FOR
DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT." AIM OF PROGRAM WAS TO BRING TOGETHER REPS FROM
DIVERSE POLITICAL SECTORS IN HAITI FOR DISCUSSIONS ON FUTURE OF HAITIAN
DEMOCRACY. PROGRAM CONTINUED IN 88. ADF IN 1990 RECEIVED A GRANT FROM NED
FOR ELECTORAL EDUCATION WORK IN HAITI TO PROVIDE ASSISTANCE TO FIVE CIVIC
GROUPS WORKING TO EDUCATE HAITIANS ABOUT THEIR UPCOMING ELECTION AND
ENCOURAGE THEIR PARTICIPATION. THE CIVIC GROUPS WERE: THE INSTITUTE FOR
HAITIAN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, THE HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT CENTER,
CELEBRATION 2004, ASSOCIATION OF HAITIAN JOURNALISTS, AND HAITIAN CENTER
FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. RESOURCE CENTER GROUPWATCH PROJECT
88 CIA COVERTLY BACKED 88 ELECTION BOYCOTTED BY ARISTIDE AND
FUNDED FUTURE COUP-MAKERS. NED AND CIA MONEY FUNDED MURDEROUS OPPRESSION.
THE NATION 11/29/93 648
88 EVIDENCE OF CIA OPS TO CANCEL THE 87 ELECTION HAS APPEARED IN
LATIN AMERICAN WEEKLY REPORT, LONDON 4/21/88. INTEL PARAPOLITICS 7/88 P7,8
89 NED/NDI, FOR RESEARCH PROJECT AND PARTY-BUILDING SEMINAR.
PROJECT WILL PRODUCE IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE, PROCEDURES,
ACTIVITIES, AND FUTURE PLANS OF KEY ACTORS IN HAITI'S TRANSITION PROCESS.
$46,229. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 89 34
89 NED, AMERICA'S DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION, FOR HAITIAN
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (HRED) IN PROMOTING
DEMOCRATIC VALUES AND PROCESSES. $99,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY
ANNUAL REPORT 89 33
90-91 NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) AND ITS INTERLOCKING
NET OF IMPOSTOR GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (IGO) AS INVOLVED IN HAITI
ELECTION. AMERICA'S DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (ADF), FOUNDED IN 80, AS
TAX-EXEMPT NGO TO OPERATE WORLDWIDE - PROJECTS SUPPORTED BY U.S. AID AND
NED. PROJECTS FOCUSED ON "DEMOCRACY-BUILDING." HAS HAD PROGRAMS IN
NICARAGUA, EL SALVADOR, PHILIPPINES AND HAITI. FUNDED ANTI-SANDINISTA
ACTIVITIES. ITS PRESIDENT IS MICHAEL D. MILLER - WHO SERVED AS AN ADVISOR
FOR W.R. GRACE AND COMPANY AND WAS V.P. OF COUNCIL OF AMERICAS FROM 70-77.
FOUNDED ADF WITH BASILIO LIACURIS, RICHARD SALVATIERRA, JOHN H. BUSH, AND
JACK HELLER. ADF PROJECTS IN HAITI, NICARAGUA, PANAMA - NATIONAL CIVIC
CRUSADE. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, "DEMOCRACY INTERVENTION: A WHO'S WHO
OF NGOS." 4/26/92 5-22
90-94 ARTICLE BY CHOMSKY, DEMOCRACY RESTORED? INTERVENTION IN
HAITI, ITS MEANING AND PROSPECTS. Z MAGAZINE 11/94 49-61
90 AID, NED/FTUI, TO COORDINATE PROGRAM WITH DEMOCRATIC LABOR
UNIONS ENCOURAGING VOTER PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL ELECTIONS. $219,500.
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 90 41
90 AID, NED/NDI, FOR DEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-PARTISAN CIVIC AND VOTER
ORGANIZATION, PARTY TRAINING, PRE-ELECTION MONITORING BY INTERNATIONAL
TEAMS AND DELEGATION TO OBSERVE ELECTION. $330,963. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 90 41
90 AID, NED/NRIIA, FOR PROVISIONAL ELECTOR COUNCIL. $360,537.
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 90 41
HAITI, 90 AID, NED, AMERICA'S DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION, FOR FIVE CIVIC
GROUPS IN HELPING PREPARE HAITIANS FOR NATIONAL ELECTION. $189,000.
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 90 41
91-96 U.S. MANIPULATION OF ELECTORAL PROCESS IS FAIRLY BLATANT. ON
A NATIONAL LEVEL ARISTIDE PERSONIFIES HAITI'S POLITICAL CENTER BUT THE U.S.
IS TRYING TO CREATE ITS OWN MODERATE CENTER. IN MAY AND JUNE, U.S.
AMBASSADOR, PIRED, AND MARC BAZIN WHO WAS SUPPOSED TO HAVE FOCUSED THAT
CENTER IN 1990 HOSTED A SERIES OF MEETINGS OF DIFFERENT CENTRIST PARTIES
AND PERSONALITIES, MOST OF WHOM WERE OPEN SUPPORTERS OF THE COUP AND
SUBSEQUENT DE FACTO REGIMES. THE CENTER FOR DEMOCRACY HEADED BY CFD
PRESIDENT AND NED FOUNDER ALLEN WEINSTEIN TAKES A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT TACK.
DEPUTY SAMUEL MADISTIN SAID TEAM WAS OPENLY LOOKING TO SUPPORT POLITICAL
GROUPS WHO SUPPORTED COUP D'ETAT. CFD HAS JOINED THE RIGHT WING BEFORE TO
MEDDLE IN HAITIAN AFFAIRS. LAST SPRING IT FLEW MOSTLY RIGHT-WING
PARLIAMENTARIANS, INCLUDING DEPUTY ROBERT MOND, A FORMER TONTON MACOUTE AND
FRAPH SUPPORTER, TO WASHINGTON. THEY PRESENTED A COMPROMISE PARLIAMENTARY
PLAN IN WHICH ARISTIDE WOULD MAKE SOME CONCESSIONS IN RETURN FOR RESUMPTION
OF NEGOTIATIONS. PLAN WAS EXPOSED AS HAVING ORIGINATED IN THE STATE
DEPARTMENT, AND ARISTIDE REFUSED TO GO ALONG. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION
BULLETIN (NOW COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY) WINTER 94/95 7-13
91 TEN NGO'S INVITED TO PARTICIPATE IN 4-YEAR DEMOCRACY PROJECT IN
HAITI. DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS GROUPS. ADF AND DELPHI SUBMITTED SUCCESSFUL
PROPOSALS. AID'S DEMOCRACY ENHANCEMENT PROJECT FOR HAITI DESIGNED "TO
STRENGTHEN LEGISLATIVE AND OTHER CONSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURES...." PROJECT
ACTIVITIES TO FOCUS ON 5 GROUPS - BOTH HOUSES OF NATIONAL ASSEMBLY,
POLITICAL PARTIES, CEP, NGO'S AND LOCAL GVT. UMBRELLA MANAGEMENT UNIT (UMU)
ROLES IN DEMOCRACY ENHANCEMENT OUTLINED - VARIOUS HAITIAN GROUPS NAMED -
SOME RECEIVED MONEY FROM AID. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, "DEMOCRACY
INTERVENTION: A WHO'S WHO OF NGOS." 4/26/92 5-22
93 SEN DECONCINI SAID INTEL COMMITTEE WOULD HEAR WITNESSES ABOUT
PAST CIA ACTIVITIES INCLUDING CIA ATTEMPT TO INFLUENCE HAITI'S 87 ELECTION.
WASHINGTON POST 11/3/93 A16
94-95 U.S. SPENDING $24 MILLION ON ELECTIONS. PART OF MONEY IS
GOING TO PEOPLE LIKE MAYORAL CANDIDATE REGINALD BOULOS, WHO SUPPORTS IMF
AUSTERITY FOR HAITI. GEORGE SOROS HAS SET UP SHOP IN HAITI. HE HAS WORKED
HAND IN GLOVE WITH CIA IN EASTERN EUROPE AND THE FORMER USSR. HIS
BACKGROUND IS TO UNDERMINE PROGRESSIVE GVTS THRU THE BALLOT BOX. THOUGH
SOROS' FOUNDATIONS, LIKE ONE RECENTLY OPENED IN HAITI, MATERIAL AID IS
GIVEN TO FORCES ALIGNED WITH THE U.S. LINKED TO THE ROCKEFELLERS, SOROS'
ROLE IS TO PROMOTE MARKET ECONOMY. WORKERS WORLD ARTICLE BY PAT CHIN
2/23/95
94 U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID), THE WORLD
BANK, THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED), AND SCORES OF U.S.-FUNDED
GROUPS ARE INSTITUTIONALIZING A MORE PERMANENT, LESS REVERSIBLE INVASION.
THE TROOPS OF THIS INTERVENTION CALLED DEMOCRACY ENHANCEMENT BY AID AND LOW
INTENSITY DEMOCRACY BY OTHERS ARE TECHNICIANS AND EXPERTS. THEIR WEAPONS
ARE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND LOTS OF MONEY. THEIR GOAL IS TO IMPOSE A
NEOLIBERAL ECONOMIC AGENDA, TO UNDERMINE GRASSROOTS PARTICIPATORY
DEMOCRACY, TO CREATE POLITICAL STABILITY CONDUCIVE TO A GOOD BUSINESS
CLIMATE, AND TO BRING HAITI INTO THE NEW WORLD ORDER APPENDAGED TO THE U.S.
AS A SOURCE FOR MARKETS AND CHEAP LABOR. DEMOCRACY PROMOTION WILL SUPPORT
THOSE PROJECTS AND PEOPLE WILLING TO GO ALONG WITH ITS AGENDA AND WILL MOLD
THEM INTO A CENTER. IN THE CRUDE OLD DAYS, GRASSROOTS ORGANIZERS UNWILLING
TO BE CO-OPTED WOULD HAVE BEEN TORTURED OR KILLED. NOW, THEY WILL SIMPLY BE
MARGINALIZED BY POVERTY AND LACK OF POLITICAL CLOUT. SOPHISTICATED
PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGNS WILL SET THE STAGE FOR DEMONSTRATION ELECTIONS THAT
WILL BESTOW LEGITIMACY ON THE PROJECT. COVERT ACTION INFORMATION BULLETIN
(NOW COVERT ACTION QUARTERLY) WINTER 94/95 7-13
95 IN LATE FEBRUARY 95 THERE WAS A THREE-DAY VISIT BY FORMER
PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER, FORMER HEAD OF THE JOINT CHIEFS COLIN POWELL AND
SEN. SAM NUNN. CARTER TOLD HAITIAN PRESIDENT JEAN-BERTRAND ARISTIDE HE
SHOULD "STAY NEUTRAL" IN THE UPCOMING PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS. CARTER WAS
OBVIOUSLY FAR FROM NEUTRAL WITH THIS INTERVENTION AGAINST ARISTIDE'S PARTY.
CARTER ALSO MET WITH ALL THE PARTIES AND GROUPS OPPOSING ARISTIDE,
INCLUDING THOSE THAT BACKED THE 1991 MILITARY COUP. ACCORDING TO ONE
RIGHT-WING LEADER, THE FORMER U.S. PRESIDENT URGED THE VARIOUS RIGHTIST AND
MILITARIST GROUPS TO GET TOGETHER TO MORE EFFECTIVELY OPPOSE PRO-ARISTIDE
FORCES. NY TRANSFER NEWS 3/9/95
95 U.S.-SPONSORED LOCAL AND PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS ON 6/25 WERE A
FIASCO. POLLING BOOTHS FAILED TO OPEN, VOTERS' NAMES WERE NOT ON ELECTORAL
REGISTER, OFFICIAL CANDIDATES DID NOT APPEAR ON BALLOTS, ELECTION MATERIALS
WERE SCARCE AND CONFUSION REIGNED. ELECTION RESULTS WILL NOT BE ANNOUNCED
BEFORE 7/5, LEAVING SPACE FOR EVERYTHING FROM FRAUD TO OLD-FASHIONED
HORSE-TRADING. DESPERATE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL VICTORY, UN AND U.S. PUSHED
HARD FOR ELECTIONS TO TAKE PLACE IN ORDER TO LEGITIMIZE U.S.-LED
INTERVENTION. AID PROVIDED SOME $11.3 MILLION IN ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE.
VIOLENCE WAS NOT LACKING. WHILE THE PROVISIONAL ELECTORAL COUNCIL (CEP),
U.S.-FUNDED AND HAITIAN GVT-APPOINTED ORGANIZATION THAT RAN ELECTIONS, ALSO
GAVE A FAVORABLE VERDICT. ONLY 25-50 PERCENT OF VOTERS TURNED OUT FOR
ELECTIONS. GREEN LEFT WEEKLY 7/5/95
INTERVENTION POLICY INCLUDES MILITARY LIC TO IMPOSE U.S. INTERESTS IN NAME
OF DEMOCRACY. FOREIGN POLICY FOCUS CALLED, INTER ALIA, DEMOCRACY PROGRAM,
PROJECT DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRACY PROJECT. INCLUDES NET OF ORGANIZATIONS
AROUND NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY (NED) WORKING WITH AGENCY FOR
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (AID), USIA, NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL (NSC) AND
STATE DEPT. NED RECEIVES 99% OF FUNDING FROM U.S. GVT. ELECTIONS MANAGEMENT
SHOWS COORDINATION OF COVERT AND OVERT EFFORTS OF GVT AGENCIES WITH THOSE
OF "NON-GOVERNMENTAL" ORGANIZATIONS. MILLIONS OF U.S. DOLLARS INVESTED IN
HAITI ELECTION IN 1990 - AND HAITIAN PEOPLE HELD GENUINE DEMOCRATIC
ELECTION. U.S. USES TERM "PRIVATE VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATION" (PVO) TO REFER TO
WHAT OTHERS CALL "NON-GVT ORGANIZATIONS" OR NGOs. BUT MANY NGOs NOT REALLY
NON-GVT. DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF SO-CALLED NGOs USED BY U.S. IN "DEMOCRATIC
OFFENSIVE," ARE IMPOSTOR GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONs, OR IGOs. DEMOCRACY
ENHANCEMENT PROJECT IN HAITI IS A MAJOR LIC INVASION. MANAGEMENT OF U.S.
PUBLIC OPINION OF PARAMOUNT CONCERN. NED HIGHEST EVOLUTION OF PERCEPTION
MANAGEMENT. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, "DEMOCRACY INTERVENTION: A WHO'S
WHO OF NGOS." 4/26/92 5-22
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE (NDI) HAD PROJECTS IN ARGENTINA, CHILE,
HAITI, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, AND PARAGUAY. NATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE (NRI)
HAD PROJECTS IN ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA, CHILE, COSTA RICA, DOMINICA, GUATEMALA,
MEXICO, AND NICARAGUA. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, "DEMOCRACY
INTERVENTION: A WHO'S WHO OF NGOS." 4/26/92 5-22
6) INTEL-POLICY
85-93 CIA HAD MIXED TRACK IN INTEL ON FALL OF DUVALIER IN 86. CIA
DID NOT FORSEE VIOLENCE THAT LED TO COLLAPSE OF ELECTIONS IN 87 AND 91
COUP. CIA UNDERMINING CHANCES OF ARISTIDE'S RETURN WITH ANALYSES SKEWED BY
TRUST IN HIS MILITARY FOES. CIA CORRECTLY PREDICTED HAITIAN MILITARY WOULD
BLOCK ARISTIDE'S RETURN IN OCTOBER 93. SENATOR DODD SAID CIA'S VIEW OF
HAITI DISTORTED BY ITS TIES TO MILITARY. LOT OF ITS INFO FROM THOSE
MURDERING PEOPLE. LT. GEN RAUL CEDRAS WHO LEADS ARMED FORCES A SOURCE FOR
YEARS AND PROVIDED NEGATIVE INFO ON ARISTIDE. NEW YORK TIMES 11/14/93 12
86-93 CIA'S BRIAN LATELL, NIO FOR LATIN AMERICA, REVIVED LIE THAT
ARISTIDE HOSPITALIZED FOR MENTAL ILLNESS AND PRESENTED DISTORTED VERSION OF
HIS HUMAN RIGHTS RECORD. MORE IMPORTANT THAN PERSONAL SLANDER AGAINST
ARISTIDE, CIA SHARES STATE DEPT VIEW THAT VIOLENCE TOLERATED, NOT DIRECTED,
BY MILITARY. MIAMI HERALD REPORTER CITES LATELL'S MEMO TO THIS EFFECT. THE
PROGRESSIVE 4/94 22-3
90-94 FROM EARLY 92 TO EARLY 94, CIA PAID EMMANUEL CONSTANT $500 A
MONTH FOR STREAM OF INFO ABOUT ACTIVITIES OF OPPONENTS OF ARISTIDE. HE
HEADED FRAPH AND IN MOST COMIC MOMENT IN 10/93 HE TIPPED OFF CIA TO SECRET
PLAN BY THUGS OF FRAPH TO GREET U.S. TROOP CARRYING SHIP HARLAN COUNTY. HE
HEARD ON RADIO URGING PATRIOTIC HAITIANS TO JOIN MASSES DEMONSTRATION AT
DOCK. SHIP WITHDREW. SOME CONGRESSMEN SUSPICIOUS CIA'S PERFORMANCE IN HAITI
WAS SKEWED BY ANTI-ARISTIDE BIAS. CIA CLAIMED IT DID NOT FUND FRAPH
DIRECTLY AND DENIED DIA ENCOURAGED CONSTANT TO FORM ANTI-ARISTIDE POLITICAL
GROUP. SIC HEAD DECONCINI SAID "I DON'T CHIDE THEM AT ALL FOR DEVELOPING
INFORMERS IN ANY TERRORIST GROUPS." WASHINGTON POST 10/8/94 A8
90-95 ON 12/3/95 SIXTY MINUTES INTERVIEWED EMMANUEL TOTO CONSTANT,
JAILED IN MARYLAND AWAITING DEPORTATION. HE SAID CIA PURCHASED HIS SERVICES
FOR $700 PER MONTH. SHOW FOCUSED ON CIA'S ROLE IN THE FRAPH DEMONSTRATION
THAT DROVE THE USS HARLAN COUNTY FROM PORT-AU-PRINCE IN 93 -- NOT ONLY
PREVENTING ARISTIDE FROM RETURNING BUT UNDERMINING THE CLINTON ADM'S
POLICY. 60 MINUTES DECLINED TO NAME CONSTANT'S CIA HANDLERS -- DONALD TERRY
AND JOHN KAMBOURIAN, CIA STATION CHIEFS IN HAITI ALONG WITH DIA'S COL
PATRICK COLLINS. ALL SHOULD BE HAULED BEFORE CONGRESS TO TESTIFY UNDER
OATH. THE NATION 12/25/95 812-3
91-93 CIA'S LEADING ANALYST OF LATIN AMERICAN AFFAIRS, BRIAN
LATELL, WENT OT HAITI IN 7/92 AND REPORTED TO CONGRESS HE SAW NO EVIDENCE
OF OPPRESSIVE RULE IN HAITI. REPORTS CONFLICTS WITH STATE DEPT REPORT FOR
SAME YEAR WHICH SAID, "HAITIANS SUFFERED FREQUENT HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES
THROUGHOUT 92 INCLUDING KILLINGS, DISAPPEARANCES, BEATINGS AND OTHER
MISTREATMENT." NEW YORK TIMES 11/14/93 12
92-93 WHEN HAITIAN MILITARY TERRORIZING ITS PEOPLE IN 92, BRIAN
LATELL, SENIOR ANALYST FOR LATIN AMERICA WROTE MEMO SAYING "THERE IS NO
SYSTEMATIC OR FREQUENT MURDER OF CIVILIANS" - THIS AFTER ARISTIDE OUSTED IN
BLOODY COUP. LATELL NIO FOR L.A., EFFUSIVELY PRAISED MILITARY-BACKED PM
BAZIN AND LT. GEN. RAOUL CEDRAS. MEMO CIRCULATED AMONG BUSH AND CLINTON ADM
POLICYMAKERS. REPORT CLASHES WITH PRIVATE REPORTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES.
LATELL IN CONGRESSIONAL TESTIMONY IN 93 GAVE NEGATIVE COMMENTS ABOUT
ARISTIDE [THAT LATER PROVED FALSE]. LATELL'S MEMO "IMPRESSIONS OF HAITI,"
BASED ON 5-DAY TRIP TO HAITI IN 7/92. WASHINGTON POST 12/19/93 A21
93-94 CIA ANALYSES THAT DEPOSED PRESIDENT ARISTIDE IS A MURDEROUS
PSYCOPATH SHOWN TO BE A TISSUE OF LIES - A DELIBERATE ATTEMPT BY CIA TO
UNDERCUT OFFICIAL U.S. POLICY TO RESTORE ARISTIDE. IN CLOSED SESSION NIO
FOR LATIN AMERICA, BRIAN LATELL, BRIEFED SENATOR JESSE HELMS. WHEN MIAMI
HERALD DISCREDITED SPECIFIC EVIDENCE, DCI WOOLSEY WAS SILENT. UNCLASSIFIED
1/94 1-2
93 10/20/93, CIA BRIEFERS TOLD CONGRESS THAT ARISTIDE HAD SERIOUS
MENTAL PROBLEMS. SAME DAY SENATOR HELMS, WHO HAD REQUESTED BRIEFING,
DENOUNCED ARISTIDE AS A PSYCHOPATH. DETAILS OF BRIEFING LEAKED TO PRESS AT
A CRITICAL JUNCTION IN U.S. POLICY TOWARD HAITI. CIA FAILED TO CONTACT
ARISTIDE'S EXTENSIVE OFFICIAL CONTACTS IN D.C. WHERE HE HAD BEEN LIVING FOR
2 YEARS. NYT REVEALED CIA UNTIL 1991, HAD BEEN PAYING ARISTIDE'S ENEMIES IN
THE MILITARY JUNTA FOR INFO. CIA PROFILE MORE CHARACTER ASSASSINATION THAN
ANALYSIS. FOREIGN POLICY MAG SUMMER (7) 94, 105-6
93 BRIAN LATELL, A 30-YEAR CAREER OFFICER, PRESENTED SHOCKING
ALLEGATIONS RE ARISTIDE IN HIS BRIEFING OF SELECTED MEMBERS CONGRESS.
LATELL DOCUMENTED HIS CASE AGAINST ARISTIDE SAYING HE HAS PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS AND USED 13 KINDS OF MEDICINE. HE GAVE DETAILS HOW ARISTIDE WHEN
PRESIDENT INCITED MOBS TO "NECKLACE" ENEMIES. HE SAID ARISTIDE ORDERED
JAIL-CELL, MURDER OF ROGER LEFONTANT. MOST STUNNING WAS LATELL'S PROJECTION
FOR FUTURE, "ARISTIDE WILL RULE WITH VIOLENCE. HE WILL SETTLE SCORES."
PRESIDENT CLINTON DENIGRATED CIA INFO AS "NOT ALWAYS ACCURATE." STATE DEPT
DEFENDED ARISTIDE. OP-ED BY NOVAK WASHINGTON POST 10/28/93 A23
93 CIA NIO ON LATIN AMERICA, BRIAN LATELL, TOLD SOME SENATORS THAT
ARISTIDE HAD HISTORY OF MENTAL ILLNESS - DETAILS CIRCULATED ON CAPITAL
HILL. STATE DEPT AND WHITE HOUSE ACCUSED CIA OF TALKING OUT OF TURN OR EVEN
DISTORTING INTEL TO SCUTTLE ADMINISTRATION POLICY. CLINTON QUESTIONED
LATELL'S ASSESSMENT. ARISTIDE ACCUSED CIA OF CHARACTER ASSASSINATION AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE. DCI WOOLSEY SAID HE SUPPORTED LATELL'S CLAIMS.
WASHINGTON POST 10/24/93 A28
93 CIA'S ARISTIDE PROFILE SPURS HILL CONCERN. CIA ASSESSMENT
DEPICTS ARISTIDE AS HAVING HAD MENTAL PROBLEMS AND IMPLICATES HIM IN
POLITICALLY MOTIVATED MURDER. HIS SUPPORTERS, PER CIA, USED "NECKLACING,"
TO SUPPRESS OPPONENTS. BRIAN LATELL, CIA'S NIO FOR LATIN AMERICA, BRIEFED
SENATORS AT QUESTED OF JESSE HELMS, WHO OPPOSES U.S. BACKING ARISTIDE. A
SOURCE SAID CIA REPORT BASED ON FLIMSY INFO. LATELL'S BRIEFING INCLUDED A
CLAIM ARISTIDE SUPPORTED NECKLACING - BRUTAL FORM OF KILLING. LATELL ALSO
ASSERTED ARISTIDE HAD ORDERED MURDER OF HIS POLITICAL OPPONENT, ROGER
LAFONTANT. THIS CHARGE ATTACKED. LATELL SAID CIA REPS DID NOT PARTICIPATE
IN KEY MEETINGS WHERE POLICYMAKERS DECIDED TO SUPPORT ARISTIDE. LATELL ALSO
DISPUTED CLAIM THAT CIA'S VIEW OF ARISTIDE WAS NOT FULLY SHARED BY OTHER
INTEL AGENCIES. CIA SPOKESMAN, DAVID CHRISTIAN, DECLINED ANY COMMENT.
WASHINGTON POST 10/22/93 A26
93 POLICYMAKERS TEND TO CHOOSE ANALYSIS OF INTEL THAT SUPPORTS
THEIR POLICY AND DISCARD OTHERS. TENSIONS BETWEEN INTEL AND POLICY WILL
ALWAYS ARISE. LEGISLATORS AND BUREAUCRATS WILL GO ON LEAKING FOR THEIR OWN
PURPOSES. ARTICLE BY MORTON ABRAMOWITZ FORMER ASST SEC OF STATE FOR INTEL
AND RESEARCH AND PRESIDENT OF CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE.
NEWSWEEK 12/6/93 33
93 SENATOR KERRY D-MASS., ACCUSED CIA OF ARISTIDE SMEAR CAMPAIGN.
"INDIVIDUALS IN AGENCY ARE ENGAGING IS A SEPARATE FOREIGN POLICY
TRACK....THEY HAVE SOUGHT PURPOSEFULLY...TO PLACE INFO IN CERTAIN HANDS IN
AN EFFORT TO RUN A COURSE COUNTER TO THE POLICY OF THIS COUNTRY. THAT IS A
VERY PERFIDIOUS, DANGEROUS UNDERTAKING." SOS CHRISTOPHER "THINKS ARISTIDE
IS WORTHY OF OUR SUPPORT." UPI 11/04/93
93 SEVERAL DEMOCRATS ACCUSED CIA OF DELIBERATELY SPREADING
MALICIOUS GOSSIP ABOUT ARISTIDE TO UNDERMINE U.S. SUPPORT FOR HIM. SOS
CHRISTOPHER TOLD SENATE FOREIGN RELATIONS COMMITTEE THAT ADM REMAINS
COMMITTED TO RETURNING ARISTIDE TO POWER. SENATOR KERRY (D-MASS) ACCUSED
UNNAMED INDIVIDUALS IN CIA OF MAKING "A VERY CONCERTED AND DANGEROUS
EFFORT...TO PLACE INFO IN CERTAIN HANDS IN AN EFFORT TO RUN A COURSE
COUNTER TO POLICY OF THIS COUNTRY." SENATOR METZENBAUM SAID CIA'S HANDLING
OF THIS MATTER HAS BEEN AN ABOMINATION. WASHINGTON POST 11/5/93 A34
94 CIA ANALYSES SAYS MILITARY NCO MAIN ROOTS OF VIOLENCE IN HAITI.
CIA SAYS REAL POWER IN HAITI, AND MOST OF VIOLENCE, CAN BE TRACED TO LOWER
RANKS OF HAITIAN MILITARY. U.S. BELIEVES IT UNREALISTIC TO CHANGE HAITIAN
MILITARY FROM BOTTOM UP. AS RESULT ADMINISTRATION GAMBLING THAT REMOVAL OF
HAITI'S TOP MILITARY LEADERSHIP WOULD MAKE WAY FOR MORE COOPERATIVE SENIOR
OFFICERS. CIA DCI WOOLSEY HAS STRESSED THAT REMOVING "THESE GUYS" AND
REINTRODUCING ARISTIDE WOULD NOT CHANGE THE VIOLENCE." GIVEN THIS
ASSESSMENT THE ADMINISTRATION HAS REFUSED TO APPROVE ANY COVERT OP BY CIA
TO BUY OFF CEDRAS AND OTHER TWO MILITARY LEADERS. ADMINISTRATION
CONSIDERING OTHER COVERT AND OVERT OPS. WASHINGTON POST 7/10/94 A20
94 CIA REPORT ALLEGES ARISTIDE'S 2 CLOSE ADVISERS WOULD TARGET
U.S. SOLDIERS AND BLAME HAITIAN MILITARY. ADVISERS ARE RENAUD BERNARDI, AND
FATHER GERARD JEAN-JUSTE. D.C. SUSPECTS BOTH SIDES OF SUCH DIRTY TRICKS.
OP-ED NOVAK WASHINGTON POST 10/3/94 A17
7) LABOR-CIA CONNECTIONS TO HAITI
AFL-CIO IS PRINCIPAL CONDUIT FOR U.S. DEMOCRATIZATION PROGRAM VIA AID'S
CENTER FOR GOVERNANCE AND DEMOCRACY AND THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
DEMOCRACY (NED) -- BOTH GVT-FUNDED. FEDERATION'S OPS ARE COORDINATED BY
DEPT OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (DIA). NEW AFL-CIO PRESIDENT SWEENY HAS BEEN
A BOARD MEMBER OF FEDERATION'S FOUR INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTES. ONLY PROGRAMS
THAT CONFORM TO U.S. POLICY WILL BE FUNDED. END OF COLD WAR ONLY SLIGHTLY
ALTERED OPS OF AIFLD. ITS PROGRAM SINCE 1990 IN COSTA RICA, NICARAGUA, EL
SALVADOR, AND HAITI HAVE FOLLOWED FAMILIAR PATTERNS. IT ESTABLISHES CLIENT
RELATIONSHIPS WITH MARGINAL LABOR AND AGRICULTURAL ORGS WHILE DISTANCING
ITSELF FROM MAIN ORGS. FROM ITS BEGINNINGS IN 62, AIFLD WAS DESIGNED MORE
AS A COUNTERINSURGENCY PROGRAM THAN A DEVELOPMENTAL ONE. DEMOCRACY
BACKGROUNDER 2/96 1,3
84-90 WORKERS FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (FOS) ESTABLISHED WITH
AIFLD SUPPORT IN 84. FREE TRADE UNION INSTITUTE FOUNDED AS EUROPEAN BRANCH
OF AFL-CIO'S DEPT OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IN 78. AFTER 83, FTUI BECAME
NED'S CORE GRANTEE FOR LABOR PROJECTS. FTUI DISPENSED SOME $35 MILLION
BETWEEN 84-88. IHRED'S PRESIDENT IS LEOPOLD BERLANGER. FTUI HAD PROJECTS IN
BRAZIL, CHILE, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA,
PARAGUAY, AND PERU. STUDY BY WORTH COOLEY-PROST, "DEMOCRACY INTERVENTION: A
WHO'S WHO OF NGOS." 4/26/92 5-22
86 NED/FTUI TO ASSIST WORKERS FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (FOS).
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 1986 39
87 NED/FTUI/AIFLD FUNDING FEDERATION OF TRADE UNION WORKERS (FOS)
IN HAITI. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 87 56
88 NED/FTUI FUNDING WORKERS FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS. NATIONAL
ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 88 40
89 NED/FTUI, TO HELP HAITIAN WORKERS BECOME AWARE OF THEIR RIGHTS
AND HOW TO DEFEND THEM. PROJECT SUBSIDIZES ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS OF
FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS AND INDEPENDENT GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF HAITIAN
WORKERS AND ASSISTS IN MAINTAINING THEIR OFFICES IN PORT-AU-PRINCE.
$64,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 89 33
90-96 AIFLD SUPPORTS CONSERVATIVE, PROBUSINESS UNIONS SUCH AS
FEDERATION OF TRADE UNION WORKERS (FOS). DEMOCRACY BACKGROUNDER 2/96 3
90 NED/FTUI, TO ENHANCE AWARENESS OF WORKERS' RIGHTS. $40,000.
NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 90 41
91 NED/FTUI, ENABLE HAITIAN TRADE UNIONS PUBLISH NEWSLETTERS AND
CONDUCT EDUCATION COURSES. $40,000. NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL
REPORT 91 61
93 NED/FTUI GRANT TO AIFLD FOR LOCAL LABOR MOVEMENTS. NATIONAL
ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY ANNUAL REPORT 9/93 71
86-87 U.S. GVT GIVES FINANCIAL BACKING TO THE CONSERVATIVE
FEDERATION OF UNIONIZED WORKERS (FOS), THRU NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR
DEMOCRACY AND THE CIA-LINKED AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR FREE LABOR DEVELOPMENT.
8) Source Documents for CIABASE -- books, magazines, newspapers,
congressional reports, academic dissertations, others.
[We encouage you to verify with the sources before make your own conclusions]
AA Robbins, C. (1979). AIR AMERICA. New York: G.P. Putnam.
AAC Robbins, C. (1979). AIR AMERICA (Corgi edition). New York:
G.P. Putnam.
AAPFL ALLEGED ASSASSINATION PLOTS INVOLVING FOREIGN LEADERS.
U.S. Senate Interim Report of the Select Committee to
Study Governmental Operations. (November 20, 1975).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
AC Hamilton, N. (1987). ACCUSED R. CRAIG SMITH: THE SPY LEFT OUT
IN THE COLD. Bountiful, Utah: Horizon Publishers.
ACD Schwarz, B. (1991). AMERICAN COUNTERINSURGENCY DOCTRINE AND
EL SALVADOR: THE FRUSTRATIONS OF REFORM AND THE ILLUSIONS
OF NATION BUILDING. Santa Monica, CA: RAND's National
Defense Research Institute.
ACO Minter, W. (1994). APARTHEID'S CONTRAS: AN INQUIRY INTO THE ROOTS
OF WAR IN ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE. London, England. ZED Books Ltd.
AATT McCann, T. (1976). AN AMERICAN COMPANY: THE TRAGEDY OF UNITED FRUIT
NY: Crown Publishers, Inc.
AD Lee, M.A., & Shlain, B. (1985). ACID DREAMS. New York:
Grove Press, Inc.
AEST Richelson, J. (1987). AMERICAN ESPIONAGE AND THE SOVIET TARGET.
New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc.
AFB Robinson, W. (1992). A FAUSTIAN BARGAIN: U.S. INTERVENTION
IN THE NICARAGUAN ELECTIONS AND AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
AHS Emerson, S. (1985). THE AMERICAN HOUSE OF SAUD: THE SECRET
PETRODOLLAR CONNECTION. New York: Franklin Watts 1985.
AG Ranelagh, J. (1986). THE AGENCY. New York: Simon & Shuster.
AIC Tully, A. (1962). CIA: THE INSIDE STORY. NY: Fawcett Crest.
AIF Barry, T., & Preusch, D. (1986). AIFLD IN CENTRAL AMERICA
Albuquerque, NM: The Resource Center.
AINF Browning, S. (1990). AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE FAILURE IN
PRE-REVOLUTIONARY IRAN. Unpublished manuscript, Bates College,
Department of History, Lewiston, Maine.
AME Wilber, N. (1986). ADVENTURES IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Princeton, NJ:
The Darwin Press, Inc.
AOE Linderer, G. (1991). THE EYES OF THE EAGLE: F COMPANY LRPs
IN VIETNAM, 1968. NY: Ivy Books.
AOM Blumberg, N. (1984). THE AFTERNOON OF MARCH 30. Big Fork, Montana:
Wood Fire Ashes Press.
AOI Corson, W.R. (1977). ARMIES OF IGNORANCE. New York:
The Dial Press/James Wade Books.
APA Green, F. (1988). AMERICAN PROPAGANDA ABROAD. NY: Hippocrene Books.
A&S Spector, R. (1985). UNITED STATES ARMY IN VIETNAM ADVICE AND SUPPORT:
THE EARLY YEARS 1941-1960. Center of Military History,
U.S. Army, Washington, D.C.
ASES Richelson, J. (1990). AMERICA'S SECRET EYES IN SPACE: THE
U.S. KEYHOLE SPY SATELLITE PROGRAM. HarperBusiness.
ASP Johnson, L.K. (1989). AMERICA'S SECRET POWER. New York:
Oxford University Press.
Burchett, Wilfred, (1981). AT THE BARRICADES: FORTY YEARS
ON THE CUTTING EDGE OF HISTORY. NY: Times Books.
ATA Andrade, D. (1990). ASHES TO ASHES: THE PHOENIX PROGRAM
AND THE VIETNAM WAR. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
AWA Chomsky, N. (1970). AT WAR WITH ASIA. New York: Vintage Books.
BB Simpson, C. (1988). BLOWBACK. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
BBAIC Uribe, A. (English translation, 1975). THE BLACK BOOK OF AMERICAN
INTERVENTION IN CHILE. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
BBBL Smith, R.E., Caulfield, D., Crook, D., & Gershman, M. (1984).
BIG BROTHER BOOK OF LISTS. Los Angeles: Price/Stern/Sloan
Publishers, Inc.
BC WEINER, T. (1990). BLANK CHECK: THE PENTAGON'S BLACK BUDGET.
New York: Warners Books.
BCAS BULLETIN OF CONCERNED ASIAN SCHOLARS, (most issues). Boulder, CO.
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