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Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Peter Presland - 04-04-2009
New paper just published in the The Open Chemical Physics Journal
Nine impressively qualified co-authors - all apart from Steven Jones not known to me in connection with 9/11 studies before, though I don't claim exhaustive knowledge.
9/11 blogger and Global research are already onto it.
Paper conclusion:
Quote:Based on these observations, we conclude that the red layer of the red/gray chips we have discovered in the WTC dust is active, unreacted thermitic material, incorporating nanotechnology, and is a highly energetic pyrotechnic or explosive material.
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Charles Drago - 04-04-2009
America, you have a problem.
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Peter Lemkin - 04-04-2009
Someone just did 'a len' on my post of the same material [and some articles about it] on 'the other' Forum. It took him only some minutes. Must have gotten to NSA - farmed-out to some PR firm who prepares the rebuttal and then on to the hinterlands for posting. Our tax money spent as usual - against us.
University of Copenhagen Chemistry Dept. is very well renowned, and has world-class equiptment. Smart move too to not use a US lab subject to US pressure and de-funding moves. The lead author is from Univ. Copenhagen.
I just read the entire article - a damning one at that! Even for the non-scientist, it is a must read. Look at the photos of the bi-colored composite nano-material powder! Look at the findings they found in the literature about such stuff and how it can be disguised as paint or fireproofing materials [sic].
Yes, America has, and has long had, a big problem. The problem is now SO IMMENSE>>>>>>!
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Charles Drago - 04-04-2009
Peter Lemkin Wrote:Someone just did 'a len' on my post of the same material [and some articles about it] on 'the other' Forum.
Don't sweat it, Peter.
As you and many of our colleagues know, the ""other' forum" you reference is owned and operated by two individuals, one of whom is a congenital liar and moral coward. It is thoroughly penetrated by agent provocateurs, including one cover identity -- the most notorious and frequently appearing -- in the name of a man whose father contributed directly and all too significantly to big tobacco genocide by knowlingly falsifying science.
Isn't it ironic, then, that this same cover identity has been selected to lead the charge of coordinated, intentionally and fatally flawed "scientific" attacks on 9-11 research?
Caveat emptor, baby.
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Peter Lemkin - 04-04-2009
9-11Research aluminothermics at the WTC * essays
http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/thermite/index.html
A Hypothetical Blasting Scenario
A Plausible Theory Explaining the Controlled Demolition of the Twin Towers Using Aluminothermic Incendiaries and Explosives with Wireless Ignition Means
by
Jim Hoffman
Version 1.0, April 3, 2009
Introduction
Most science-based investigators of the events of 9/11/2001 are reluctant to develop detailed hypotheses or conjectures for obvious reasons: to speculate about unknown events in a criminal conspiracy is to invite the label of "conspiracy theorist" with its weight of discrediting associations, unless, of course, one is parroting the speculations of the officially-endorsed account.
Never mind that NIST explains WTC7's destruction as the first-ever fire-induced collapse of a steel-frame high-rise building with the refreshingly novel failure mechanism -- supported by no physical evidence whatsoever -- that thermally-induced expansion of a huge beam caused it to break loose of its connections and crash down, taking the rest of the skyscraper with it. It is the skeptics of this fairy tale that New York Times reporter Eric Lipton calls conspiracy theorists. 1
The chief apologists for the official story seem to want it both ways: on the one hand stigmatizing anyone who questions the official version of events as a conspiracy theorist, and on the other hand faulting the same intellectual dissidents for not articulating a detailed theory of the crime, as Ryan Mackey does here. How interesting that the conspiracy theorist label remains the first line of defense against the consideration of alternative hypotheses, while the main arguments against controlled demolition of the Twin Towers appeal to alleged difficulties in implementation -- arguments that can only be answered through postulating hypothetical scenarios.
Here, then, is such a scenario -- in much more detail than suggestions I have previously made to answer frequently asked questions -- that I hope will be useful to other investigators working to solve the horrific crime of '9/11'.
Contents
Introduction
Preamble
Scenario
Method Overview
Equipment Procurement
Equipment Installation
Steel Work
Ceiling Tiles
Kicker Charges and Wireless Equipment
Summary of Concealment Methods
Demolition Sequence
Stage 1: Thermate Melts and Corrodes Core Steelwork
Stage 2A: Kicker Charges Initiate Motion of Top
Stage 2B: Progressive Distributed Blasting Obliterates Tower
References
Preamble
The present scenario is a detailed hypothetical account of the method by which each of the Twin Towers was totally destroyed. Although the visible pattern of destruction of the North and South Towers differ in details, they both fit the same general description: The block above the crash zone starts to move, accompanied almost immediately by dust ejections, then disappears into the exploding dust cloud, which progresses down the vertical axis of the Tower's intact portion leaving nothing standing but portions of the core, which then falls apart. The similarities in the patterns of destruction, as well as the nearly identical structures of the Towers themselves, suggests that essentially the same method was used to destroy each Tower, with adjustments of that method to account for the differences in the plane crashes. The scenario is described for the general case of either Tower. It postulates that the plane crashes were planned and executed with some degree of precision, using their automated flight control systems, and the adjustments in the demolition method planned accordingly.
As noted in the summary of the aluminothermics evidence timeline, there is direct evidence for two broad types of thermitic pyrotechnics in the destruction of the Twin Towers:
Incendiaries, consisting of thermate or thermate with additives such as barium to enhance steel penetration
Explosives, consisting of aluminothermic nanocomposites including compounds rich in silicon, carbon, and hydrogen to enhance blast pressure
The scenario reflects this dichotomy in postulating that two distinct stages comprised the demolition of each Tower: a first stage in which strategically-placed thermitic incendiaries attack steelwork while the Tower is still standing, and a second stage in which widely-distributed thermitic explosives shatter the Tower from top to bottom.
Scenario
Method Overview
The destruction of each of the Twin Towers is accomplished by an almost identical overall sequence, consisting of two stages -- a slow first stage, in which key portions of the steelwork are melted and corroded, and a rapid second stage, in which key structures are broken, and the entire Tower is systematically pulverized from the crash zones down. The time T-0 marks the onset of Stage 2. stage
1: Steelwork Thermal/Corrosive Attack 2: Steelwork Knocking and Progressive Distributed Blasting
material aluminothermic incendiaries enhanced with sulfur aluminothermic nanocomposite explosives including silicon, carbon, hydrogen
application as coatings applied directly to steelwork in the core structures around the crash zone and the hat truss as fire-protected kicker charges in close proximity to core steelwork around the crash zone as thin-film explosives distributed throughout alternate floors within ceiling tiles
timing commencing at up to T-10 minutes with burnout shortly before T-0 T-0 through T+2 seconds around crash zone commencing at T+0.5 seconds below crash zone, and accelerating down the Tower to T+12 seconds
Equipment Procurement
The following table lists the materials required for both Towers. part quantity
20"*20"*3/4" ceiling tile with embedded thin-film explosive and 2-channel wireless igniter 1,000,000
12"*12"*3/4" ceiling tile with embedded thin-film explosive and 2-channel wireless igniter 800,000
10-lb nano-thermite kicker charge with 2-channel wireless igniter in fire-protective capsule disguised as fire extinguisher 100
5 gallon thermate coating compound 20
spray applicator with flexible snake hose and integrated borescope 2
2-channel wireless high-temperature igniter 100
20-channel 100w RF repeater with UPS 240
All of the equipment is available off-the-shelf from commercial vendors or special operations supply depots except for the wireless explosive ceiling tiles, which have to be specially manufactured. The tiles are assembled at a facility that is supplied with pre-manufactured materials and parts, some only for secret military applications: 2-channel wireless igniters in the form of thin-profile cards, nanocomposite thin-film explosives in the form of rolls, and acoustic-tile fiberboard sheets pre-cut to the correct sizes and pre-painted. The facility cuts the thin film explosive sheets to the correct size, cements a igniter to the film, and laminates the film between two pieces of fiberboard.
Equipment Installation
The scenario allows all of the equipment installation to be disguised so that the very workers doing the installation work are oblivious to the fact that they are installing demolition equipment. None of equipment looks anything like conventional demolition gear, and there is a fully plausible innocent explanation for each procedure. There are no wires connecting components. Even on close examination the equipment would not reveal its true purpose. If a worker were to break open a ceiling tile and find the nano-thermite film layer, his supervisor would explain what he was told -- that the new energy-efficient tiles have an embedded a vapor- and radiative-heat-loss barrier.
The labor-intensive portions of the operation might be made more secure by using undocumented workers with limited English skills.
Steel Work
The only part of the installation work that requires direct access to steelwork is the application of the thermate coating compound and the attachment of high-temperature igniters to the coated areas. Because this treatment is only applied to steelwork in the core around the planned crash zone and the hat truss, the number of access points is relatively small, and can be reached almost entirely through parts of the building controlled by building services.
The use of a spray applicator with a flexible snake hose and integrated borescope allows a worker to treat an entire section of column walled off by sheetrock by drilling a few 2-inch-diameter holes in the sheetrock, perhaps above the level of the ceiling tiles. Such efforts to make the work inconspicuous are hardly critical, given that the work is supposedly to upgrade fire protection of the steelwork. And, if anyone asks, the igniters are vibration detectors used to monitor the structure's performance in high winds.
Ceiling Tiles
The replacement of ceiling tiles throughout the building may have been done on any of a number of schedules. On the one hand the tiles could have been supplied as part of an maintenance contract and installed using the existing building maintenance staff doing what they thought of as normal building maintenance work. Since the new landlord had just taken over in late July of 2001, it wouldn't seem at all unusual to see some refurbishing, especially as unobtrusive as swapping out old ceiling tiles.
Alternatively, the tiles could have been installed during overnight hours by a team of maintenance workers unnoticed by tenants. The logistics of such an operation can be imagined, and some estimates of human resources made.
We know that the Towers had only two types of ceiling tiles: 20-inch squares for the tenant spaces and 12-inch squares for the core spaces. An estimate of the number of tiles per tower is 12,000,000 large tiles and 8,000,000 small tiles.
5.8.4 Ceilings
There were two different ceiling tile systems originally installed in the towers under Port Authority specification. The framing for each was hung from the bottom of the floor trusses, resulting in an apparent room height of 8.6 ft and an above-ceiling height of about 3.4 ft. The tiles in the tenant spaces were 20 in. square, 3/4 in. thick, lay-in pieces on an exposed tee bar grid system. The tiles in the core area were 12 in. square, 3/4 in. thick, mounted in a concealed suspension system.
-- NIST Final Report on the Twin Towers
The new ceiling tiles with embedded thin-film explosives and wireless ignitors are installed throughout every other floor of the Tower starting just below the planned crash zone. The South Tower gets the same treatment above the 95th floor. In all, each Tower gets 500,000 of the large tiles and 400,000 of the small tiles.
With workers swapping in new tiles at an average rate of ten tiles per minute per worker, it takes a team of twenty workers 50 hours to retrofit an entire Tower. The work is performed in a week and week-end of night shifts, emptying one truckload per night, with the truck parking inconspicuously in the WTC subterranean parking garage.
Kicker Charges and Wireless Equipment
The remaining equipment is installed with a minimum of effort. The 50-channel repeaters are installed in communication equipment closets on each floor having the ceiling tile retrofits, and on floors having treated steelwork and kicker charges.
The kicker charges are mounted in closets and elevator shafts, generally just above portions of the structure that have been treated with the thermate coating compound.
Summary of Concealment Methods
In all cases, the concealment of the demolition equipment has at least two layers. On the surface, each item appears to have an innocent function. The installation of the equipment is designed to go un-noticed, but even if noticed there is nothing about the procedures or equipment that would tend to arouse suspicion. In the event that equipment is scrutinized, as by the unlikely event of someone breaking open a ceiling tile, there is a plausible explanation for the features of the equipment, summarized by the following table. equipment explanation/disguise
thin-film explosives embedded in ceiling tiles vapor barrier and energy-conserving infrared reflector
low-profile ignitors embedded in ceiling tiles smoke detectors
kicker charges fire extinguishers
thermate coating on steelwork fire protection upgrades
non-embedded wireless igniters vibration sensors for structure monitoring
RF repeaters communications equipment
It also bears noting that all of the pyrotechnic materials are based on the thermite reaction and do not involve the kind of nitro-aromatic compounds whose residues are the most likely to be tested for in a crime scene investigation.
Demolition Sequence
The demolition sequence is designed to conceal the fact of its being a controlled demolition despite using perhaps two orders of magnitude more explosive energy to destroy the Tower than would be required in a conventionally-engineered controlled-demolition implosion. A key objective is get the top of the Tower to move before explosive action is clearly evident to onlookers outside the building.
The two stages outlined above, separated by the time T-0, are designed to achieve this objective by sufficiently degrading key parts of the structure in Stage 1 so that the relatively small kicker charges can produce movement in the top at the onset of Stage 2.
Stage 1: Thermate Melts and Corrodes Core Steelwork
During Stage 1, extending from up to 10 minutes before T-0, thermate coatings on key parts of the core structure steelwork are ignited via the wireless ignition control system. The two areas attacked are: the core columns on a few floors below the crash zone, just above where most of the columns transition from box columns to wide-flange beams; and the inner portions of the hat truss that connect it to the core.
The thermal/corrosive attack on these two portions of the structure leaves the entire block of the core structure above the upper mechanical equipment floor "floating", with no major steel members to transfer its gravity loads to the lower portion of the core or to the perimeter walls: it is now supported by the web-trussed floor diaphragms. The upper core block now exerts massive inward forces on the perimeter walls due to the high degree of leverage involved in the translation of the core block's gravity loads into pulling on the perimeter walls. It is these forces that produce the inward bowing of portions of perimeter walls that NIST claims are due merely to the sagging of floor diaphragms still supported by the core.
Partly because thermate produces bright orange light while burning, Stage 1 is alloted time to run to completion before the Stage 2 commences. In the South Tower, some thermate pushed by the plane crash from the building's core to its corner generates an orange spout lasting from about T-7 to T-2 minutes.
Stage 2A: Kicker Charges Initiate Motion of Top
At the onset of Stage 2, kicker charges mounted just above the core steelwork attacked in Stage 1 are ignited by the wireless control system, fully detaching the core's upper block from its base and from the hat truss, and causing it to fall several feet. Half a second later, ignition of thin-film charges around the crash zones start. The jolt provided by the short fall of the core's upper block, combined with the blast wave of the synchronized detonation of the high-explosive tiles adjacent to the perimeter walls, buckles and breaks the perimeter columns and initiates the descent of the entire upper block of the Tower.
Stage 2B: Progressive Distributed Blasting Obliterates Tower
Once descent of the Tower's upper block begins, the thin-film explosives on the equipped floors are ignited via the wireless control system just ahead of the descending wave of destruction below the crash zone, as well as in the upper portion of the descending block.
Because the thin film explosives ignite rapidly and have relatively high bristance, the tiles in a given ceiling create largely planar blast waves that attenuate very little until they encounter a floor. The blast waves from one level of tiles travel up to through the web trusses and to the the steel pans under the floor slab above, and down through office furnishings to the floor slabs below. The fact that the explosive tiles are present only in every other story assures that the detonation of the tiles on one level won't immediately disrupt the tiles on the next lower level, which will be detonated a fraction of a second later.
References
1. Fire, Not Explosives, Felled 3rd Tower on 9/11, Report Says, New York Times, 8/21/2008
http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/thermite/index.html
Copyright © Jim Hoffman and 911Research.WTC7.net 2009
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Adele Edisen - 06-04-2009
More on Thermite
Active Thermitic Material in Dust from 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe. CRG E-Newsletter
Sunday, April 5, 2009 5:13 AM
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe
URL of this article: http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=13049
Global Research, April 3, 2009
Below is the Abstract, Introduction and Conclusions of this important and carefully researched article
The complete article can be downloaded (pdf)
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe
pp.7-31 (25)
Authors: Niels H. Harrit, Jeffrey Farrer, Steven E. Jones, Kevin R. Ryan, Frank M. Legge, Daniel Farnsworth, Gregg Roberts, James R. Gourley, Bradley R. Larsen
The Open Chemical Physics Journal
Volume 2
ISSN: 1874-4125
doi: 10.2174/1874412500902010007
Complete Article
http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCPJ/2009/00000002/00000001/7TOCPJ.SGM
Abstract:
We have discovered distinctive red/gray chips in all the samples we have studied of the dust produced by the destruction of the World Trade Center. Examination of four of these samples, collected from separate sites, is reported in this paper. These red/gray chips show marked similarities in all four samples. One sample was collected by a Manhattan resident about ten minutes after the collapse of the second WTC Tower, two the next day, and a fourth about a week later. The properties of these chips were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The red material contains grains approximately 100 nm across which are largely iron oxide, while aluminum is contained in tiny plate-like structures. Separation of components using methyl ethyl ketone demonstrated that elemental aluminum is present. The iron oxide and aluminum are intimately mixed in the red material. When ignited in a DSC device the chips exhibit large but narrow exotherms occurring at approximately 430 °C, far below the normal ignition temperature for conventional thermite. Numerous iron-rich spheres are clearly observed in the residue following the ignition of these peculiar red/gray chips. The red portion of these chips is found to be an unreacted thermitic material and highly energetic.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Global Research Editor's Note
The definition of thermitic material:
A trademark used for a welding and incendiary mixture of fine aluminum powder with a metallic oxide, usually iron, that when ignited yields an intense heat.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Thermite is a pyrotechnic composition of a metal powder and a metal oxide, which produces an aluminothermic reaction known as a thermite reaction. (Wikipedia)
What we are dealing with is the melting/ burning of metal structures.
“Metals are capable of burning under the right conditions, similarly to the combustion process of wood or gasoline. ... A thermite reaction is a process in which the correct mixture of metallic fuels are combined and ignited. Ignition itself requires extremely high temperatures.”
Readers can reach their own conclusions as to the far-reaching implications of these findings.
Although the authors do not address the broader issue of the 9/11 attacks, their findings have a direct bearing on the likely causes of the collapse of the WTC buildings on September 11, 2001. The findings also question the validity of the official report of the 911 Commission.
Below are selected excerpts of the article. Readers can also link to the complete text, by clicking the link
Complete Article
http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCPJ/2009/00000002/00000001/7TOCPJ.SGM
EXCERPTS
INTRODUCTION
The destruction of three skyscrapers (WTC 1, 2 and 7) on September 11, 2001 was an immensely tragic catastrophe that not only impacted thousands of people and families directly, due to injury and loss of life, but also provided the motivation for numerous expensive and radical changes in domestic and foreign policy. For these and other reasons, knowing what really happened that fateful day is of grave importance.
A great deal of effort has been put forth by various government-sponsored and -funded investigations, which led, in large part, to the reports released by FEMA [1] and NIST [2]. Other studies of the destruction have been less well publicized but are no less important to the outstanding obligation that remains to the victims of that tragedy, to determine the whole truth of the events of that day [3-10]. A number of these studies have appropriately focused attention on the remaining physical material, and on available photographs and video footage, as sources of evidence still in public hands, relating to the method of destruction of the three skyscrapers.
CONCLUSIONS
We have discovered distinctive red/gray chips in significant numbers in dust associated with the World Trade Center destruction. We have applied SEM/XEDS and other methods to characterize the small-scale structure and chemical signature of these chips, especially of their red component. The red material is most interesting and has the following characteristics:
1. It is composed of aluminum, iron, oxygen, silicon and carbon. Lesser amounts of other potentially reactive elements are sometimes present, such as potassium, sulfur, lead, barium and copper.
2. The primary elements (Al, Fe, O, Si, C) are typically all present in particles at the scale of tens to hundreds of nanometers, and detailed XEDS mapping shows intimate mixing.
3. On treatment with methyl ethyl ketone solvent, some segregation of components occurred. Elemental aluminum became sufficiently concentrated to be clearly identified in the pre-ignition material.
4. Iron oxide appears in faceted grains roughly 100 nm across whereas the aluminum appears in thin platelike structures. The small size of the iron oxide particles qualifies the material to be characterized as nanothermite or super-thermite.
5. Analysis shows that iron and oxygen are present in a ratio consistent with Fe2O3. The red material in all four WTC dust samples was similar in this way. Iron oxide was found in the pre-ignition material whereas elemental iron was not.
6. From the presence of elemental aluminum and iron oxide in the red material, we conclude that it contains the ingredients of thermite.
7. As measured using DSC, the material ignites and reacts vigorously at a temperature of approximately 430 °C, with a rather narrow exotherm, matching fairly closely an independent observation on a known super-thermite sample. The low temperature of ignition and the presence of iron oxide grains less than 120 nm show that the material is not conventional thermite (which ignites at temperatures above 900 °C) but very likely a form of super-thermite.
8. After igniting several red/gray chips in a DSC run to 700 °C, we found numerous iron-rich spheres and spheroids in the residue, indicating that a very high temperature reaction had occurred, since the iron-rich product clearly must have been molten to form these shapes. In several spheres, elemental iron was verified since the iron content significantly exceeded the oxygen content. We conclude that a high-temperature reduction-oxidation reaction has occurred in the heated chips, namely, the thermite reaction.
9. The spheroids produced by the DSC tests and by the flame test have an XEDS signature (Al, Fe, O, Si, C) which is depleted in carbon and aluminum relative to the original red material. This chemical signature strikingly matches the chemical signature of the spheroids produced by igniting commercial thermite, and also matches the signatures of many of the microspheres found in the WTC dust [5].
10. The carbon content of the red material indicates that an organic substance is present. This would be expected for super-thermite formulations in order to produce high gas pressures upon ignition and thus make them explosive. The nature of the organic material in these chips merits further exploration. We note that it is likely also an energetic material, in that the total energy release sometimes observed in DSC tests exceeds the theoretical maximum energy of the classic thermite reaction.
Based on these observations, we conclude that the red layer of the red/gray chips we have discovered in the WTC dust is active, unreacted thermitic material, incorporating nanotechnology, and is a highly energetic pyrotechnic or explosive material.
(emphasis added)
Complete Article
http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCPJ/2009/00000002/00000001/7TOCPJ.SGM
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Adele
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Adele Edisen - 06-04-2009
More on Thermite
Active Thermitic Material in Dust from 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe. CRG E-Newsletter
Sunday, April 5, 2009 5:13 AM
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe
URL of this article: http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=13049
Global Research, April 3, 2009
Below is the Abstract, Introduction and Conclusions of this important and carefully researched article
The complete article can be downloaded (pdf)
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe
pp.7-31 (25)
Authors: Niels H. Harrit, Jeffrey Farrer, Steven E. Jones, Kevin R. Ryan, Frank M. Legge, Daniel Farnsworth, Gregg Roberts, James R. Gourley, Bradley R. Larsen
The Open Chemical Physics Journal
Volume 2
ISSN: 1874-4125
doi: 10.2174/1874412500902010007
Complete Article
http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCPJ/2009/00000002/00000001/7TOCPJ.SGM
Abstract:
We have discovered distinctive red/gray chips in all the samples we have studied of the dust produced by the destruction of the World Trade Center. Examination of four of these samples, collected from separate sites, is reported in this paper. These red/gray chips show marked similarities in all four samples. One sample was collected by a Manhattan resident about ten minutes after the collapse of the second WTC Tower, two the next day, and a fourth about a week later. The properties of these chips were analyzed using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The red material contains grains approximately 100 nm across which are largely iron oxide, while aluminum is contained in tiny plate-like structures. Separation of components using methyl ethyl ketone demonstrated that elemental aluminum is present. The iron oxide and aluminum are intimately mixed in the red material. When ignited in a DSC device the chips exhibit large but narrow exotherms occurring at approximately 430 °C, far below the normal ignition temperature for conventional thermite. Numerous iron-rich spheres are clearly observed in the residue following the ignition of these peculiar red/gray chips. The red portion of these chips is found to be an unreacted thermitic material and highly energetic.
Global Research Editor's Note
The definition of thermitic material:
A trademark used for a welding and incendiary mixture of fine aluminum powder with a metallic oxide, usually iron, that when ignited yields an intense heat.
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2003. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Thermite is a pyrotechnic composition of a metal powder and a metal oxide, which produces an aluminothermic reaction known as a thermite reaction. (Wikipedia)
What we are dealing with is the melting/ burning of metal structures.
“Metals are capable of burning under the right conditions, similarly to the combustion process of wood or gasoline. ... A thermite reaction is a process in which the correct mixture of metallic fuels are combined and ignited. Ignition itself requires extremely high temperatures.”
Readers can reach their own conclusions as to the far-reaching implications of these findings.
Although the authors do not address the broader issue of the 9/11 attacks, their findings have a direct bearing on the likely causes of the collapse of the WTC buildings on September 11, 2001. The findings also question the validity of the official report of the 911 Commission.
Below are selected excerpts of the article. Readers can also link to the complete text, by clicking the link
Complete Article
http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCPJ/2009/00000002/00000001/7TOCPJ.SGM
EXCERPTS
INTRODUCTION
The destruction of three skyscrapers (WTC 1, 2 and 7) on September 11, 2001 was an immensely tragic catastrophe that not only impacted thousands of people and families directly, due to injury and loss of life, but also provided the motivation for numerous expensive and radical changes in domestic and foreign policy. For these and other reasons, knowing what really happened that fateful day is of grave importance.
A great deal of effort has been put forth by various government-sponsored and -funded investigations, which led, in large part, to the reports released by FEMA [1] and NIST [2]. Other studies of the destruction have been less well publicized but are no less important to the outstanding obligation that remains to the victims of that tragedy, to determine the whole truth of the events of that day [3-10]. A number of these studies have appropriately focused attention on the remaining physical material, and on available photographs and video footage, as sources of evidence still in public hands, relating to the method of destruction of the three skyscrapers.
CONCLUSIONS
We have discovered distinctive red/gray chips in significant numbers in dust associated with the World Trade Center destruction. We have applied SEM/XEDS and other methods to characterize the small-scale structure and chemical signature of these chips, especially of their red component. The red material is most interesting and has the following characteristics:
1. It is composed of aluminum, iron, oxygen, silicon and carbon. Lesser amounts of other potentially reactive elements are sometimes present, such as potassium, sulfur, lead, barium and copper.
2. The primary elements (Al, Fe, O, Si, C) are typically all present in particles at the scale of tens to hundreds of nanometers, and detailed XEDS mapping shows intimate mixing.
3. On treatment with methyl ethyl ketone solvent, some segregation of components occurred. Elemental aluminum became sufficiently concentrated to be clearly identified in the pre-ignition material.
4. Iron oxide appears in faceted grains roughly 100 nm across whereas the aluminum appears in thin platelike structures. The small size of the iron oxide particles qualifies the material to be characterized as nanothermite or super-thermite.
5. Analysis shows that iron and oxygen are present in a ratio consistent with Fe2O3. The red material in all four WTC dust samples was similar in this way. Iron oxide was found in the pre-ignition material whereas elemental iron was not.
6. From the presence of elemental aluminum and iron oxide in the red material, we conclude that it contains the ingredients of thermite.
7. As measured using DSC, the material ignites and reacts vigorously at a temperature of approximately 430 °C, with a rather narrow exotherm, matching fairly closely an independent observation on a known super-thermite sample. The low temperature of ignition and the presence of iron oxide grains less than 120 nm show that the material is not conventional thermite (which ignites at temperatures above 900 °C) but very likely a form of super-thermite.
8. After igniting several red/gray chips in a DSC run to 700 °C, we found numerous iron-rich spheres and spheroids in the residue, indicating that a very high temperature reaction had occurred, since the iron-rich product clearly must have been molten to form these shapes. In several spheres, elemental iron was verified since the iron content significantly exceeded the oxygen content. We conclude that a high-temperature reduction-oxidation reaction has occurred in the heated chips, namely, the thermite reaction.
9. The spheroids produced by the DSC tests and by the flame test have an XEDS signature (Al, Fe, O, Si, C) which is depleted in carbon and aluminum relative to the original red material. This chemical signature strikingly matches the chemical signature of the spheroids produced by igniting commercial thermite, and also matches the signatures of many of the microspheres found in the WTC dust [5].
10. The carbon content of the red material indicates that an organic substance is present. This would be expected for super-thermite formulations in order to produce high gas pressures upon ignition and thus make them explosive. The nature of the organic material in these chips merits further exploration. We note that it is likely also an energetic material, in that the total energy release sometimes observed in DSC tests exceeds the theoretical maximum energy of the classic thermite reaction.
Based on these observations, we conclude that the red layer of the red/gray chips we have discovered in the WTC dust is active, unreacted thermitic material, incorporating nanotechnology, and is a highly energetic pyrotechnic or explosive material.
(emphasis added)
Complete Article
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Adele
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Peter Lemkin - 06-04-2009
I await a reply from the Obama Administration, but fear - short of a very loud public outcry - there will only be the deafening silence of a new President 'looking forward, not back'. Science, engineering, and history don't move at all when you don't look at cause [back] and effect [present]. Only then can one look forward into the future - otherwise it is just a bad repeat of the past mistakes or planned evil. The MSM hasn't yet picked this up - surprise! surprise! surprise!
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Magda Hassan - 06-04-2009
Well said Peter and I am afraid you may be right. I don't understand all the looking forward not looking back bit either. Hey! Let's pretend that nothing happened. South Africa had their truth and reconciliation process. It is impossible to move forward unless the past is at least acknowledged and meaningful amends made. Otherwise, like you say, it is just a bad repeat of the past mistakes or planned evil.
Are there any other explanations for the active thermite to be found there?
Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe - Peter Lemkin - 06-04-2009
Magda Hassan Wrote:Well said Peter and I am afraid you may be right. I don't understand all the looking forward not looking back bit either. Hey! Let's pretend that nothing happened. South Africa had their truth and reconciliation process. It is impossible to move forward unless the past is at least acknowledged and meaningful amends made. Otherwise, like you say, it is just a bad repeat of the past mistakes or planned evil.
Are there any other explanations for the active thermite to be found there?
The only way air safety has made progress, ditto car safety or name any other field, has been to look at past crashes, mistakes etc. A real investigation. Of course we know why they don't want to look 'back' - because one might see the 'hand' of the magicians and who paid them to pull-off the 'trick'. I can think of nothing that would explain .01% thermite in the WTC dust [small %, but HUGE amount] unless they had a really nasty rodent problem and were going to blast them out:flute:.......it really looks bad, but if this tree falls in the forest and the MSM is not there to record it, it will have never happened for the Populace, in general.