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Anglo Zionism: A Short Primer - Lauren Johnson - 03-09-2014
As of yet, I do not use the term AngloZionist or Anglo Zionism, but I must admit, I don't know in what sense it is used. The Saker uses it extensively, and has written a primer on his definition. Here it is.
Dear new-to-this blog friends,
Why do I speak of "AngloZionists"? I got that question many times in the past, so I will make a separate post about it to (hopefully) explain this once and for all.
1) Anglo:
The USA in an Empire. With roughly 1000 overseas bases (depends on how you count), a undeniably messianic ideology, a bigger defense offense budget then the rest of the planet combined, 16+ spy agencies, the dollar as work currency there is no doubt that the US is a planetary Empire. Where did the US Empire come from? Again, that's a no brainer - from the British Empire. Furthermore, the US Empire is really based on a select group of nations: the Echelon countries, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the UK and, of course, the US. What do these countries have in common? They are the leftovers of the British Empire and they are all English speaking. Notice that France, Germany or Japan are not part of this elite even though they are arguably as important or more to the USA then, say, New Zealand and far more powerful. So the "Anglo" part is undeniable. And yet,
even though "Anglo" is an ethnic/linguistic/cultural category while "Zionist" is a political/ideological one, very rarely do I get an objection about speaking of "Anglos" or the "Anglosphere".
2) Zionist
Let's take the (hyper politically correct) Wikipedia definition of what the word "Zionism" means: it is "a nationalist movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel". Apparently, no link to the US, the Ukraine or Timbuktu, right? But think again. Why would Jews - whether defined as a religion or an ethnicity - need a homeland anyway? Why can't they just live wherever they are born, just like Buddhist (a religion) or the African Bushmen (ethnicity) who live in many different countries? The canonical answer is that Jews have been persecuted everywhere and that therefore they need their own homeland to serve as a safe haven in case of persecutions. Without going into the issue of why Jews were persecuted everywhere and, apparently, in all times, this rationale clearly implies if not the inevitability of more persecutions or, at the very least, a high risk thereof. Let's accept that for demonstration sake and see what this, in turn, implies. First, that implies that Jews are inherently threatened by non-Jews who are all at least potential anti-Semites. The threat is so severe that a separate Gentile-free homeland must be created as the only, best and last way to protect Jews worldwide. This, in turn, implies that the continued existence of this homeland should become an vital and irreplaceable priority of all Jews worldwide lest a persecution suddenly breaks out and they have nowhere to go. Furthermore, until all Jews finally "move up" to Israel, they better be very, very careful as all the goyim around them could literally come down with a sudden case of genocidal anti-Semitism at any moment. Hence all the anti-anti-Semitic organizations a la ADL or UEJF, the Betar clubs, the network of sayanim, etc. In other words, far from being a local "dealing with Israel only" phenomenon, Zionism is a worldwide movement whose aim is to protect Jews from the apparently incurable anti-Semitism of the rest of the planet. As Israel Shahak correctly identified it, Zionism postulates that Jews should "think locally and act globally" and when given a choice of policies always ask THE crucial question: "But is it good for Jews?". So far from being only focused on Israel, Zionism is really a global, planetary, ideology which unequivocally split up all of mankind into two groups (Jews and Gentiles), which assumes that the latter are all potential genocidal maniacs (which is racist) and believes that saving Jewish lives is qualitatively different and more important than saving Gentile lives (which is racist again). Anyone doubting the ferocity of this determination should either ask a Palestinian or study the holiday of Purim, or both. Even better, read Gilad Atzmon and look up his definition of what is brilliantly called "pre-traumatic stress disorder"
3) Anglo-Zionist
The British Empire and the early USA used to be pretty much wall to wall Anglo. Sure, Jews had a strong influence (in banking for example), but Zionism was a non-issue not only amongst non-Jews, but also amongst US Jews. Besides, religious Jews were often very hostile to the notion of a secular Israel while secular Jews did not really care about this quasi Biblical notion. WWII definitely gave a massive boost to the Zionist movement while, as Norman Finkelstein explained it, the topic of the "Holocaust" became central to Jewish discourse and identity only many years later. I won't go into the history of the rise to power of Jews in the USA, but from roughly Ford to GW Bush's Neocons it has been steady. And even though Obama initially pushed them out, they came right back in through the backdoor. Right now, the only question is whether US Jews have more power than US Anglos or the other way around. Before going any further, let me also immediately say that I am not talking about Jews or Anglos as a group, but I am referring to the top 1% within each of these groups. Furthermore, I don't believe that the top 1% of Jews cares any more about Israel or the 99% of Jews than the top 1% of Anglos care about the USA or the Anglo people. So, here my thesis:
The US Empire is run by a 1% (or less) elite which can be called the "deep state" which is composed of two main groups: Anglos and Jews. These two groups are in many ways hostile to each other (just like the SS and SA or Trotskysts and Stalinists), but they share 1) a racist outlook on the rest of mankind 2) a messianic ideology 3) a phenomenal propensity for violence 4) an obsession with money and greed and its power to corrupt. So they work together almost all the time.
Now this might seem basic, but so many people miss it, that I will have to explicitly state it: to say that most US elites are Anglos or Jews does not mean that most Anglos or Jews are part of the US elites. That is a straw-man argument which deliberately ignores the non commutative property of my thesis to turn it into a racist statement which accuses most/all Anglos or Jews of some evil doing. So to be very clear:
When I speak of AngloZionist Empire I am referring to the predominant ideology of the 1%ers elites which for this Empire's "deep state".
By the way, there are non-Jewish Zionists (Biden, in his own words) and there are (plenty of) anti-Zionist Jews. Likewise, there are non-Anglo imperialists and there are (plenty of) anti-imperialists Anglos. To speak of "Nazi Germany" or "Soviet Russia" does in now way imply that all Germans were Nazis or all Russian s Communists. All this means it that the predominant ideology of these nations at that specific moment in time was National-Socialism and Marxism, that's all.
My personal opinion now
First, I don't believe that Jews are a race or an ethnicity. I always doubted that, but reading Shlomo Sand really convinced me. Jews are not defined by religion either (most/many are secular). Truly, Jews are a tribe. A group one can chose to join (Elizabeth Taylor) or leave (Gilad Atzmon). In other words, I see "Jewishness" as a culture, or ideology, or education or any other number of things, but not something rooted in biology. I fully agree with Atzmon when he says that Jews are racist, but not a race. Second, I don't even believe that the concept of "race" has been properly defined and, hence, that it has any objective meaning. I therefore don't differentiate between human beings on the basis of an undefined criterion. Third, since being Jew (or not) is a choice, one to belong, adhere and endorse a tribe (secular Jews) or a religion (Judaics). Any choice implies a judgment call and it therefore a legitimate target for scrutiny and criticism. Fourth, I believe that Zionism, even when secular, instrumentalizes the values, ideas, myths and ethos of rabbinical Judaism (aka "Talmudism" or "Phariseism") and both are racist in their core value and assumptions. Fifth, both Zionism and Nazism are twin brothers born from the same ugly womb: 19th century European nationalism (Brecht was right, "'The belly is still fertile from which the foul beast sprang"). Nazis and Zionists can hate each other to their hearts' content, but they are still twins. Sixth, I reject any and all form of racism as a denial of our common humanity, a denial of the freedom of choice of each human being and - being an Orthodox Christian - as a grievous heresy. To me people who chose to identify themselves with, and as, Jews are not inherently different from any other human and they deserve no more and no less rights and protections than any other human being.
I will note here that while the vast majority of my readers of Anglos, they almost never complain about the "Anglo" part of my "AngloZionist" descriptor. The vast majority of objections focus on the "Zionist" part. You might want to think long and hard about why this is so and what it tells us about the kind of power Zionists have over the prevailing ideology. Could it be linked to the reason why the (openly racist and truly genocidal) Israeli Prime Minister gets more standing ovations in Congress (29) than the US President (25)?
Some objections:
Q: it makes you sound like a Nazi/redneck/racist/idiot/etc.
A: I don't care. I don't write this blog for brainwashed zombies.
Q: you turn people off.
A: if by speaking the truth and using correct descriptors I turn them off, then this blog is not for them.
Q: you can offend Jews.
A: only those who believe that their ideas cannot be challenged or criticized.
Q: but you will lose readers!!
A: this is not a popularity contest.
Q: your intentions might be good, but they are easily misinterpreted.
A: this is why I define my words very carefully and strictly.
Q: but why are you so stubborn about this?
A: because I am sick and tired of those in power hiding in the dark: let's expose them and freely challenge them. How can you challenge something which is hidden?
Q: but I am a hasbarachnik and I need to get you to stop using that expression!!
A: give it up and find an easier target for your efforts. You will still get paid.
A: I have a much better term.
Q: Good! Use it on your blog then :-P
That's it for now.
Actually no, there is one more thing, while I am at it:
Open message to those objecting to my use of the article 'the' in front of the word "Ukraine": before lecturing others, learn Russian and learn a little something about the history of the Ukraine :-P
In conclusion, a plea: can we pretty please stop this nonsense now? There are far more important things to analyze and worry about than my use of this or that expression, word or description. If you don't like it - great. Just consider that I am wrong (-: I often am, so I won't take offense :-). Can we please stop pretending like Jews and Jewish related issues are The Most Important Thing In The Universe (TMITITU) and deal with the really important issues?
Thanks,
The Saker
PS: IMPORTANT ADDENDUM: you are more than welcome to comment discuss this topic all you want, but I have wasted enough of my time on this kind of nonsense. Not being a Jew myself, I don't have to share in any ethnocentric notion of exceptionalism and self-aggrandizement and this is why I said that the topic of Jews and Jewish issues is not TMITITU, at least not for me. So I will not respond to comments to this post, sorry. Careful though - I still loathe racism in all its forms, including anti-Jewish racism (even if Jews are not a race!), so don't bother posting long anti-Jewish rants as I will toss them all to /dev/null. Fact based, logical and otherwise substantive comments are, of course, not only welcome, but requested. Racist shit, pardon my French, is not. Posted by VINEYARDSAKER: at 16:02
Anglo Zionism: A Short Primer - Lauren Johnson - 20-10-2014
from Sic Semper Tyrannis by Richard Sale (Part I)
"British parliament's decision this week to grant Palestine' diplomatic recognition is essentially a symbolic move since Britain's government, headed by Prime Minister David Cameron, is not obligated to translate it into actual government policy.
"Passage of the motion, in contrast, legitimates (sic) the position that Israel is to blame for the conflict and that Palestinians are the weak side, in need of international support for their cause." So said a recent article in The Guardian. This new fact deserves some consideration and to understand it, we need to peruse an earlier time.
The Jews of Europe had long been bossed, exploited, mistreated, humiliated, persecuted, and murdered. The Jews were among the best and brightest of the European peoples. Nietzsche with great eloquence stomped on the anti-Semitism of his day by asserting just that, but clearly the Jews have had a tragic history. They had been thrown out of Spain; there were pogroms that targeted the Jews in Russia, and the culmination of Europe's anti Semitism came with Hitler's homicidal plan to murder them in an industrial scale, a crime so horrible that to think of it floods one's heart with grief. That vast Nazi massacre destroyed the members of a benevolent, talented and optimistic culture and left the survivors with a sense of having been deeply wronged that nothing could make right. "One can do nothing before the permanent soul of a race," said Gustav le Bon, and that race not only survived, it flourished by establishing its own state in Palestine.
"Nothing is more terrible than a body of men who have been afraid and are afraid no longer," said Gustave le Bon. The new state of Israel was not simply going to be settlers; they were going to be conquerors as well engaging in a constant battle to survive.
In 1948, Israel had won its first war against the ill-disciplined, poorly trained Arab armies. Now, conscious of their uncertainty of their fate in the region, the Israelis spoke as masters of the situation. Suddenly there was no one more aggressive in war than Israel's military. They were aware of the helpless and slaughter by the Germans, but unfortunately, the wounds to self-love are the most difficult to heal. Israel's military were going to triumph at whatever cost and they would triumph because of their unending pugnacity and intellectual resourcefulness. Their aim was to make the Zionist enterprise to succeed at all costs. "We will make a cemetery of France,' said Carrier, "rather than fail to regenerate it in our own way."
Or as Robespierre put it, "The republic is the destruction of everything opposed to it." That was the attitude of Israel's military culture. It was to be inexorable, tireless, and endlessly devious.
Israel knew that its neighboring Arab nations were resentful and very hostile, but their armies were divided, amateur and poorly trained, and Israel's military was on the march. From the first, Israel's military tried to concentrate the entire nation's power in itself. The people is of a nation are far less excitable than a crowd; but certain events national insults or threats of an invasion can arouse it instantly. It is not always easy to explain the acceleration of certain sentiments under the influence of a constant, exciting cause but the Arabs provided the acceleration. Constant cross border attacks had killed any sympathy between the two groups, and to Israel, the presence of Arabs and the threat they posed could rouse Israel's military in an instant. A lot of Israel's aims embodied a desire for vengeance or conquest. This feeling can be seen in Israel's unending pugnacity. Within just a few years after the victory of 1948, Israel became cocky and believed that it owed nothing to anybody. Being the Chosen to rule the nations of the Earth thanks, to a biblical promise, apparently exonerates you from playing by rules unless they are gamed on your favor.
To take an example.
In 1954, Israeli Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, had resigned in a sniffy huff over a difference of opinion, and into power came Moshe Sharett, a mild idealistic man. Ben-Gurion and the Israeli military leaders like Gen. Moshe Dayan were canny predators, gazing at the map of the region and instantly seeing in it targets of opportunity, incessantly on the lookout for places where, thanks to the weakness of the Arabs, Israeli military would be able to conquer lands for Israel and push the Arabs back. By contrast, Sharett saw the Arabs as people Israel had to befriend in order to be secure.
But that year, 1954, Israel's government saw its neighbors as low hanging fruit to be harvested, however abrupt and brutal the means. Syria was unstable there had been military coup there, and the Arab Renaissance Party, the Ba'th, was now in power. The Israeli Defense Minster, Pinhas Lavon, wanted Israeli forces invade Syria to gain more water, land and security for Israel.
Sharett dismissed notion out of hand.
Then Ben-Gurion sent a letter to the Sharett government. He was out of the government and living in the Negev, but he took it upon himself to suggest that the instability of Syria offered the perfect opportunity to strike the Arabs in Lebanon. He wanted to create a Christian-Israeli alliance to size territory up to the Litani River, a move, he said, which would give Israel strategic depth to the north.
Sharett rejected this outright. Lebanon was an Arab state. Why would it isolate itself by establishing ties with Israel?
Soon a new target soon presented itself. The Syrian turmoil had been followed by an upheaval in Egypt. The great Egyptian nationalist, Gamel Abdel Nasser, had come to power. Lavon, always on the alert to molest or defeat the Arabs, said Israel should strike north and south in Egypt in the south they would seize Gaza, and in the north they would seize the demilitarized zone at the Syrian frontier.
Sharett once again rejected the notion. He was increasingly concerned that a nation that aspired to be to stand as a moral beacon for the world could produce a generation of youth who were "become so enamored with murdering consciously and in cold blood,'" according to historian Pat Tyler.
Sharett was not alone in trying to keep peace with the Arabs. Sharett had valuable supporters, mainly President Eisenhower and Sec. of State, John Dulles. Ike, having seen and participated in two world wars, wanted to use diplomacy and conflict resolution to establish peace in the Middle East. Sharett did not want a war with the Arabs, and Ike didn't either.
"We are not rendering anyone assistance to start a war to indulge in conflict with others of our friends," he said. The Israeli military ignored him.
The problem was that Sharett did not control Israel's military. Ben-Gurion and Gen. Moshe Dayan did. Both of them were intense nationalists, and both of them were cold-blooded and uncaring. Dayan had been fighting Arabs since he was a little boy. To these men, nothing mattered except but the narrow and brutal interests of Israel, which they saw as a warrior state. A pitiless pugnacity sat in the root of their natures. It would appear that they had spent their lives getting rid of any capacity to feel anything resembling a conscience. To them, the success of Zionism was to be judged by its triumphs, not its morality. When it came to the Arabs, the ideals of both these men yearned to overpower, undercut, weaken and take. In other words, in 1954, what you had in Israel was a government that resembled a gang of thuggish burglars who reconnoiter a neighborhood in order to find if anyone had left their door unlocked. The goals of this group were cold, detached, ruthlessly calculating, and immune to feeling any remnant of decency when it came to making attacks on their neighbors.
Israel's generals always felt themselves under siege, and their attitude said, "We are fighting for our existence, and we warn people not to get in our way." And it was unfortunate that Israel's military tried to concentrate all the nation's power in itself. They judged everything from the standpoint of their own self-interest; they exacerbated it or calmed it, according as it suited their purpose or they strengthened it or enfeebled it when it suited them. "Force is the supreme law," said an Austrian diplomat. "even though one has enough of it already." As a result, their program was unscrupulously ruthless. They knew that when naked power rules, there are no moral restraints worth having. In addition to its belligerence, Israel's early governments were eternally dissatisfied. They always wanted more. They were conquerors from necessity and continued because of inclination and temperament. It is an old rule that when a government that enjoys some power and glory, it begins to believe that if it had a little more of them, it would be satisfied with its gains. That is mistaken. The appetite for conquest grows the more it is fed. Desires are insatiable and the infinitude of God would not been enough to satisfy them. A French historian talked of states that "without rhyme or reason gnaw away states and kingdoms as if they were Dutch cheeses." That describes the early Israel.
Unfortunately, what was missing in their plans was the "gravitas of judgment."
To Israelis like Dayan, the death of Arabs didn't matter, and in 1954, as these men minutely scanned the horizon, looking for another pretense for renewed conflict, when another target of opportunity suddenly surfaced: Jordan.
This was the idea of former Prime Minister Ben-Gurion. He, for me, is a man hard to like. He was very gifted, very courageous, he had grip, great force of personality, and his ambition was a little engine that knew no rest. He was a Zionist, a very dedicated one, but his mind was always plotting, scheming, and always estimating weakness and vulnerabilities, always addicted to shady operations that would lead to fresh conquests for his country. He vastly underestimated the Arabs by habit.
Ben-Gurion thought that Jordan was an artificial state created by the British. If Jordan collapsed because of an Israeli covert operation, Ben-Gurion wanted his military to capture the Judean Hills, Samaria, Jericho, the Jordan valley, East Jerusalem and the Old City. Under Ben-Gurion, the broad rule was that a State conquers what it can, and stops only when it reaches a frontier where some other State or States exert a pressure as strong as its own. Where that pressure is lacking, or where opposition was weak, war was the answer. Ben-Gurion felt that even in areas where the Israelis were outnumbered, the Jews would rule over the Arabs, even as a minority. That was the core principal of the Zionist enterprise, he said. That was God's promise to the Israelites. So the Israeli launched an attack on Jordan and Jordan then launched an effective counterattack, and Israel lost 18 dead in the operation and plan ended.
A dangerous accomplice of Ben-Gurion was Pinhas Lavon, Israel's Defense Minister. The next target of these men was Egypt. The Great Powers were leaving the region; their departure was hastened by the new nationalist movements that were sweeping Algeria, Morocco and Egypt. The times were unstable, and Israel was going to use that instability to expand its frontiers and seize more water resources and arable farmland for its benefit.
Unfortunately, the United States under the leadership of President Dwight Eisenhower who was deep in talks with the towering figure of Egypt's Gamel Abdel Nasser, the Arab nationalist, eager to develop an alliance that would thwart Soviet designs in the Middle East. Miles Copeland, a friend, was one of the CIA agents meeting almost daily with Nasser, and he used to talk to me about Nasser. He was a great admirer of the Egyptian.
It was during that time that Israel then launched one of the most chicken brained schemes that I have ever heard of, "Operation Susannah." It was the work of Lavon, not Ben-Gurion. Lavon was a man who possessed endless fertility in deceit, mated with an indomitable an urge to weaken, exploit, conquer and destroy. His plan was to have Israel recruit Egyptian Jews, working for Israel, and have them commit acts of terrorism in Egypt which targeted British and American citizens. The aim of this was to prevent the withdrawal of British forces there. The presence of 80,000 British forces there protected the southern flank of Israel and give it defense in depth. Nasser, of course, wanted the British out of the country.
In other words, if Americans or British citizens were killed -- tough stuff. Never mind that America was the chief backer and supporter of Israel in the Middle East. Israel's ultimate goal was to bring down the Nasser government and destroy Nasser politically. Tyler doesn't mention this, but "Operation Suzanna" was a false flag operation -- the Israelis left behind literature from the communists and the Muslim brotherhood to point the finger at the wrong parties and mislead the unwary. American targets included American Information Library which was destroyed by fire, and firebombs were also activated at some Egyptian Post Offices.
The operation was launched, and proved to be a disaster. No Americans or British were killed, but most of the Israeli military teams were arrested after Philip Natanson, one of the Israeli agents, set his clothing on fire after an explosive device exploded in his pocket and forced him to flee a movie house in agony. The Egyptian police immediately arrested him. Unfortunately, there were several serious errors in the planning and execution. When the Egyptians snatched up the ring, it collapsed quickly because the operation had recruited friends who knew each other, breaking one of the essential rules of tradecraft. (This was an Israeli military operation, not a Mossad operation.) Under torture Natanson gave up the rest of the saboteurs who were thrown in prison. One woman agent committed suicide after being tortured.
Dayan was eager to distract the Israeli people from the disaster. He seized on a plan to send a ship through the Suez Canal forcing the Egyptians to allow its passage or detain it. Sharett still had not been informed of Operation Susannah, and Dayan hoped that an Egyptian assault on freedom of navigation would lead to immediate condemnation by the UN Security Council. Unfortunately, the Egyptian forces boarded the vessel, and Israel rushed to UN Headquarters in New York, but their efforts were a flat fizzle. Both Washington and London were engaged in secret talks to convince Egypt that it would be a bastion against the Soviet Union.
On Oct. 5, Egypt began to release reports of the Israeli sabotage ring whose activities had taken place over the summer. Ben-Gurion had no knowledge of the operation, and Sharett had no knowledge either. Both had been kept in the dark. But Sharett, a man of good will and compromise, was also a politician, and he couldn't not bring himself to say that the Jewish State had been guilty of trying to kill or maim American and British citizens for a questionable tactical gain. Instead Sharett turns loose the Israeli propaganda organs that blamed the Egyptian for trying to kill Israelis.
The Israeli public wouldn't know of this episode for years.
It as then that Ben-Gurion returned to the Sharett government as Defense Minister, and he immediately wanted war. "He preferred war to comprise" says Tyler.
But even as Sharett was trying to improve ties with Nasser and while Israel was secretly trying to free the eleven saboteurs, there was another disastrous mishap.
Five Israelis entered Syria to recover some wiretap equipment that had been installed on Syrian telephone lines. The Israelis were captured, and Lavon panicked. He ordered Israeli combat aircraft to intercept a Syrian flight, force it to land, and the plane would only be returned when the captured Israelis were freed. The Israeli government put out a false statement that Syria had violated Israeli air space. Syria accused Israel of air piracy.
Lavon held onto the plane, allowing the single American prisoner on board to be released. Unfortunately the American said that the Syria airliner had not intruded into Israel's air space. Then, one of the Israelis who made the raid to recover the wiretap equipment in Syria hanged himself in his cell.
Then a thunderbolt struck from Cairo. Two members of the Israeli sabotage unit, an Egyptian Jew, Armand Karamona, and a Mossad officer Max Bennett were reported to have killed themselves in prison, although it was suspected that Karamona had died under torture. A third member, the only woman, Victorine Ninio, twice tried to take her own life.
Sharett went and addressed The Knesset, accusing Egypt of launching a conspiracy against innocent Jews rousing great rage in the Israeli public.
What are we to say of all this? What one sees is a repulsive arrogance, a highhandedness that allows your nation to lie, to mislead and misrepresent, a policy led by leaders who are fertile in deceit and who are able, with a good conscience and a straight face, to lie to the world. Even this small bit of Israel's history reeks with the avaricious deviousness of its military leaders and the ruthless underhandedness of its methods, its sheer aggression without regard to consequences to other people. The scheme of Israel's military at that time, embodies a bratty, evil child that simply wants what it wants without considering what it will affect.
Sharett was enormously distressed by all this. In his diary, he wondered about "the nature and fate of this nation, which is capable of such gentleness, of such a deep love of all people and of such a craving for beauty and the profound," and at the same time capable of such "brutality," and he asked, "which of these two souls run through the pages of the Bible, will predominate in this nation?"
(More follows in Part Two if you have the patience.)
Richard Sale
Anglo Zionism: A Short Primer - Drew Phipps - 20-10-2014
Not 1 tribe but 12 tribes.
Anglo Zionism: A Short Primer - Lauren Johnson - 15-12-2014
The central thesis is that transfer was central to Zionism.