Sidestream smoke
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sidestream smoke is smoke which goes into the air directly from a burning cigarette, cigar or smoking pipe.[1] Sidestream smoke is the main component of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS), also known as passive smoking [2] The chemical constituents of sidestream smoke are different from those of directly inhaled ("mainstream") smoke. Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more harmful than mainstream smoke.[3] Sidestream smoking has been classified as a Class A carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Sidestream smoke in enclosed box by Clnord.Contents [hide]
1 Contents of sidestream smoke
2 Risks
3 Social effects
4 In Children
5 In Vitro
6 Toxicological Experiments
7 References
8 External links
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Contents of sidestream smoke
Sidestream smoke is made up of many components. Some of the constituents of which are carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, ammonia, benzene, cadmium and 4-aminobiphenyl. [4] [5] [6] Some of the other compounds found in sidestream smoke are: vinylchloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, acrolein, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, catechol, cresol, hydroquinone, lead, methyl ethyl ketone, nitric oxide, phenol, styrene, toluene, and butane. Exposure to sidestream smoke yields higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine, and cotinine in the blood. When comparing sidestream and mainstream condensate, side stream has 2-6 times more condensate per gram than mainstream smoke.[7] [8] [9]Combustion of these carcinogens in less complete and not diluted like it would be if it were inhaled directly.
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Risks
Although a person may not be smoking the cigarette, the risks from inhaling sidestream smoke are still pertinent. There are over 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The risks of getting lung cancer, brain tumors, acute myeloid leukemia, incidence of heart disease, and benign respiratory diseases increase by inhaling the sidestream smoke.[10] The chance of getting breast cancer and cervical cancer also increases with inhaling sidestream smoke. The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is 1.2-1.3 with exposure to sideastream smoke due the cyanide present in the smoke. There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects both behaviorally and cognitively in children. One study on cotinine levels in children found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math. [11][12]
Such factors as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk for bladder cancer. Apart from these factors, smoking is the only other known risk cancer for bladder cancer. 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentrations are over ten times that of mainstream smoke.[13] [14]
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Social effects
A non-smoker who is inhaling sidestream or secondhand smoke has a 30% greater risk of getting lung cancer at some point in their lives.[15] Exposure to second hand or sidestream smoker has been associated with people who have not smoked before. The Surgeon General reported there was no safe level of smoke exposure at all.[16]
The Environmental Protection Agency estimates sidestream smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers every year in the United States.[17]
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In Children
Following birth, a child's exposure to contaminants in the air can have detrimental health effects including a heightened risk for respiratory track infections, an increase in the likelihood of childhood asthma, as well as behavioral problems and reduction in neurocognitive abilities. Exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke in children poses an increased risk of coughing, wheezing, and mucus production. Studies on rats have shown that those who were exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and following the period directly after, had differences in airway sensitivity in comparison to those that had been exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only following the period after. This led experimenters to conclude that early childhood exposure to sidestream smoke. [18] [19] [20]
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In Vitro
A reduction in glutathione levels was observed following exposure to sidestream smoke in vitro. Glutathione is an antioxidant that resides in the lung after development. Following as little as a 20 minute exposure to sidestream smoke can lead to an increase in contaminant particles within human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Cells exposed to sidestream smoke experienced oxidative stress, which further allowed for DNA damage as well as cell transformation and an uncontrolled cell proliferation. Cancer could be the outcome for DNA mutations, while tumors could the outcome for the cell transformation and uncontrolled cell division which would be a result of direct exposure to sidestream smoke. [21] [22]
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Toxicological Experiments
During the 1980's the Philip Morris Tobacco Company did research on sidestream smoke at Institut für Biologische Forschung that was never published. The study found sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per gram. They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2-6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse. Results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animals weight gain to reach a point that is considered normal. The research team concluded that the only way to protect ourselves from sidestream smoke is to be in smoke free public places and workspaces. [23]
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References
^ [gage.he.net/~cheforg/uploads/.../grat_updates_6-9_sidestream.pdf,"Sidestream Smoke."
^ . "Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace." National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1991. Web.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/91108_54.html#Reports
^ Schick, S; Glantz S (Dec 2005). "Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke". Tobacco Control 14 (6): 396404. doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011288. PMID 16319363.
^ C Schlaggar-Lessov and G Swan (2007). "The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain." Neuropsychology Review. Volume 17, 2007, pg. 1-3.
^ J Bernet, J Pirkle, Y Xia, R Jain, D Ashley, and E Sampson (2010). "Urine concentrations of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U.S. population from secondhand smoke exposure." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Vers. 7.3b, pg. 4-5.
^ "Environmental tobacco smoke." Children's Environmental Health Centers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/ncerqa/childrenscenters/smoke.html.
^ C Schlaggar-Lessov and G Swan (2007). "The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain." Neuropsychology Review. Volume 17, 2007, pg. 3.
^ J Bernet, J Pirkle, Y Xia, R Jain, D Ashley, and E Sampson (2010). "Urine concentrations of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U.S. population from secondhand smoke exposure." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Vers. 7.3b, pg. 4-5.
^ "Environmental tobacco smoke." Children's Environmental Health Centers, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www.epa.gov/ncerqa/childrenscenters/smoke.html.
^ [Johnston, Lorraine (2001). Lung Cancer: Making Sense of Diagnosis, Treatment & Options O'Reilly, Sebastopol, CA. ISBN 0596500025
^ C Schlaggar-Lessov and G Swan (2007). "The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain." Neuropsychology Review. Volume 17, 2007, pg. 2-9
^ "Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page 2-8.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp8-c2.pdf
^ M Hemelrijk, D Michaud, G Connolly, and Z Kabir. "Secondhand smoking, 4-aminobiphenyl, and bladder cancer: two meta-analyses." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 2009. Pg. 1-8.
^ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg. 1-8.
^ American Cancer Society (2007). Lung Cancer: What You Need to Know--Now American Cancer Society/Health Promotions, Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN 0944235697
^ [Robb-Nicholson, Celeste (2006). "By the way, Doctor". Harvard Women's Health Watch. Vol 14, Iss 2.
^ [Smith, Jimmie (2004). Environmental Tobacco Smoke: An Analysis of State and Local Policies To Reduce Exposure
^ Pinkerton Kent and Wang Lei (2007). "Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development." Birth Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews 2007, Volume 81, pg. 3-8.
^ "Health consequences of tobacco use among women." Women and Smoking. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pg 74-75.
^ L Mbulo (2008). "Changes in exposure to secondhand smoke among youth in Nebraska, 2002-2006. Preventing Chronic Diseases: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, Volume 5. Pg. 2-5.
^ S Faux, T Tai, D Thorne, Y Xu, D Breheny, and M Gaca. "The role of oxidative stress in in the biological responses of lung epithelial cells to cigarette smoke." Biomarkers, 2009; 14(SI): 90-96. Pg. 1-6.
^ "Background and environmental exposures to cyanide in the United States." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Page 4.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp8-c2.pdf
^ Schick, S., and S. Glantz 2005. "Philip Morris toxicological Experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke." National Center for Biotechnology Information. Vol 14 pg. 1-9. Web. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.silk.library.umass.edu:2048/pmc/articles/PMC1748121/pdf/v014p00396.pdf>.
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External links
Toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke
Environmental Protection Agency website
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