28-02-2009, 07:37 AM
Richard Mellon Scaife, owner of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review and chairman of the Scaife Foundations, has been a key financier of the American Right for decades. In 2006, Scaife’s three major foundations—Sarah Scaife, Allegheny, and Carthage—doled out an estimated $24 million.1 A 1999 Washington Post exposé on Scaife reported that Scaife and his foundations had by that year donated “at least $340 million to conservative causes and institutions—about $620 million in current dollars, adjusted for inflation. The total of Scaife’s giving—to conservatives as well as many other beneficiaries—exceeds $600 million, or $1.4 billion in current dollars, much more than any previous estimate.”2
Scaife’s charitable giving is largely drawn from the oil and banking holdings of the Mellon family; Scaife’s personal fortune is estimated by Forbes to be around $1.4 billion.3 Despite his wealth, Scaife was reportedly forced to cut back some of his philanthropic giving by the end of the George W. Bush administration because of the impact of “marital and legal woes,” according to a February 2009 National Journal report.4 This cutback coincided with other big-name funders curbing their giving, including casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, due largely to the financial crisis that hit the U.S. economy hard in 2008 (see Eli Clifton, “The Economic Crisis: Will Money Trump Ideology?” Right Web, October 29, 2008).
In the world of big-time philanthropy, there are many givers bigger than Scaife. The Ford Foundation gave away $491 million in 1998 alone. But by concentrating his giving on specific ideological objectives, and making most of his grants available with few strings attached, Scaife’s philanthropy has had a disproportionate impact on the rise of the Right.5 Together with other conservative givers, like the Olin and Bradley Foundations, Scaife is credited with playing a significant role in nurturing the emergence of the New Right, as the National Journal reports: “The intellectual flowering of the conservative movement at AEI [American Enterprise Institute], Heritage, and elsewhere was possible not only because a few visionaries distilled a movement's discontent but also because a handful of deep-pocketed, committed, and unusually patient wealthy benefactors such as John M. Olin,Richard Scaife, and foundations affiliated with them were willing to underwrite the broad ideological movement. Observers on the Left and Right agree that these institutions, collectively, have had a profound effect on the political debate, helping to restore the luster of such concepts as limited government, free markets, and personal responsibility that the New Deal and the Great Society had obscured, and to translate these philosophies into a concrete agenda for governing.”6
According to Ernest Hearst, Chip Berlet, and Jack Porter, two writers who helped uncover Scaife’s funding techniques were scholar Karen Rothmeyer and journalist David Warner, “who were the first to note that Scaife funded conservative projects in a very strategic manner to maximize the propaganda value of his dollars. Scaife accomplishes this by simultaneously funding several different projects at different groups on the same topic. According to Rothmeyer, the result is that in matters of defense and economic policy Scaife has helped to foster the illusion that there is a far greater diversity of views than actually exists.”7
The Washington Post credits Robert Duggan with interesting Scaife in politics while he was studying at the University of Pittsburgh in the mid-1950s. Duggan, who was then dating Scaife’s sister Cordelia, apparently convinced Scaife to run for the post of committeeman in Allegheny County. Relations between the two soured when, as the county’s third-term district attorney, Duggan was accused of making deals with “criminal elements” and accepting bribes. Duggan was eventually indicted on tax fraud in 1974. The day the ruling against Duggan came out, he was found dead from a shotgun wound.8
However, it was Scaife’s disillusionment with Richard Nixon that appears to have provided the impetus for his interest in conservative philanthropy. Reports the Post: “His experience with Nixon [to whom he had donated up to a million dollars], according to several associates, persuaded him to invest his hopes and his money in conservative institutions and ideas, not politicians. Though he has continued to give thousands to political campaigns and political action committees, his interest in electoral politics receded.”9
Scaife’s funding activities began in 1962, when he gave several grants to various organizations, including the American Bar Association’s Fund for Public Education for “education against communism.”10 Scaife soon developed funding relations with the American Enterprise Institute, the Hoover Institution, and Georgetown University’s Center for Strategic and International Studies.
In 1974, the Heritage Foundation, a mainstay of conservative domestic and foreign policy thought, was established. Scaife was pivotal in providing the seed money for the think tank, giving at least twice as much as beer magnate Joseph Coors (who donated $250,000) during Heritage’s first two years. Scaife has served as a member of the board of trustees since 1985.11
Among the organizations that have benefitted from Scaife’s largesse are the Center for Immigration Studies; the Center for Security Policy; the Center for Strategic and International Studies; the Committee for the Free World; the Committee on the Present Danger; the Ethics and Public Policy Center; the Federalist Society; the Foreign Policy Research Institute; Freedom House; the Heritage Foundation; the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; the Hudson Institute; the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies; the Institute on Religion and Democracy; the Institute on Religion and Public Life; the Jamestown Foundation; the Manhattan Institute; the National Endowment for Democracy; the National Institute for Public Policy; the National Interest; and the Philanthropy Roundtable.12
Scaife has also been a key figure in conservative publishing.13 Scaife bought a variety of newspapers in the 1960s and early 1970s, most of which were in Pennsylvania. His first media purchase was the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, which he bought in 1969 for $5 million, when he was 37 years old. Scaife still retains ownership of the Tribune-Review.14
Although his foundations have supported many of the organizations associated with the “war on terror” policies of the Bush administration, a key focus of of Scaife’s funding has been conservative social and domestic causes, which is reflected in the funding his foundations provide to groups like the Institute on Religion and Public Life and the Manhattan Institute.15
Scaife was a backer of the controversial Arkansas Project, a right-wing campaign to “uncover” the covert activities of Bill Clinton while he was governor and president. Liberal pundit James Carville called Scaife “the archconservative godfather in [a] heavily funded war against [Clinton].” Some observers have argued that Scaife is prone to conspiracy theories, which might have accounted, in part, for his support of the project. Scaife told John F. Kennedy Jr., former owner and publisher of George magazine: “Listen, [Clinton] can order people done away with at his will. He’s got the entire federal government behind him. … God, there must be 60 people [associated with Bill Clinton] who have died mysteriously.”16
Scaife has not been shy to use his minor media empire for political ends. According to Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting: “In the final days of the 2000 presidential campaign, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review publisher Richard Mellon Scaife, a longtime conservative activist, ordered all photographs and prominent mentions of Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore removed from the front page of the paper. As a result, the paper’s pre-election Sunday edition had a front page featuring George W. Bush in every campaign-related headline and photograph. A story about a Gore rally held in Pittsburgh, originally slated to run alongside a Bush piece on the front page, was moved to the inside of the paper. According to an account in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Tribune-Review managing editor Robert Fryer ‘tried to dissuade Scaife but was overruled.’”17
Affiliations18
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Heritage Foundation : Vice-Chairman (Trustee1985-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Hoover Institution : Member of the Board of Directors <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Committee on the Present Danger : Funder (1985-1989) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Sarah Scaife Foundation : Chairman (1973-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">The Allegheny Foundation : Chairman (1973-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Carthage Foundation : Chairman (1973-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"> Pittsburgh World Affairs Council : Member of the Board of Directors <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Pepperdine University : Member of the Board of Directors Government Service19
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">U.S. Advisory Commission for Public Diplomacy : Former Member (1984-1990) Private Sector20
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Tribune-Review Publishing Co., Inc. : Vice-Chairman, Publisher and Owner <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Tribune-Review : Owner and Chairman of the Board <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Sacramento Union : Former Owner (1977-1989) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"> First Boston Corporation : Stockholder and Board Member Education21
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">University of Pittsburgh : Degree unknown (1957) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Yale University : No degree earned [B]Sources[/B]
1. Scaife Foundations, “Annual Reports: Sarah Scaife Foundation,” http://www.scaife.com/sarah07.pdf; “Annual Reports: Carthage Foundation,” http://www.scaife.com/cartha07.pdf; “Annual Reports: Allegheny Foundation,” http://www.scaife.com/allegh07.pdf.
2. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999; Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999.
3. From the Feeding Trough, cited on Mediatransparency.org http://www.mediatransparency.org/funderp...funderID=3; “The 400 Richest Americans: #355 Richard Scaife”September 17, 2008, Forbes.com, [URL="http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/54/400list08_Richard-Scaife_T9LG.html"]http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/54/400list08_Richard-Scaife_T9LG.html
[/URL]4. Julie Kosterlitz, “As Times Change, Key Think Tanks Trade Places,” National Journal, February 14, 2009.
5. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999; Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999.
6. Julie Kosterlitz, “As Times Change, Key Think Tanks Trade Places,” National Journal, February 14, 2009.
7. Ernest Hearst, Chip Berlet, and Jack Porter. “Scaife, Richard Mellon.” Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Peter Knight, ed. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003, p. 646.
8. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
9. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
10. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999
11. Heritage Foundation Board of Trustees http://www.heritage.org/About/Departments/trustees.cfm; Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050299.htm; Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp
12. Mediatransparency: Aggregated Scaife Grants http://www.mediatransparency.org/scaifeaggregate.php
13. Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp
14. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
15. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050299.htm
16. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050299.htm
17. Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting: Fear & Favor 2000: How Power Shapes the News http://www.fair.org/ff2000.html; Dennis B. Roddy, “Tribune-Review’s Election Coverage Gores Vice President’s Campaign,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 8, 2000
18. Heritage Foundation Board of Trustees http://www.heritage.org/About/Departments/trustees.cfm; Media Transparency: Committee on the Present Danger http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_...entID=1779; Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp
19. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
20. Heritage Foundation Board of Trustees http://www.heritage.org/About/Departments/trustees.cfm; Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp; Robert B. Gunnison, “Sacramento Union Says It Will Stop Publishing Historic paper closing down after 142 years,” The San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1994
21. Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp; Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/poli...050399.htm
Scaife’s charitable giving is largely drawn from the oil and banking holdings of the Mellon family; Scaife’s personal fortune is estimated by Forbes to be around $1.4 billion.3 Despite his wealth, Scaife was reportedly forced to cut back some of his philanthropic giving by the end of the George W. Bush administration because of the impact of “marital and legal woes,” according to a February 2009 National Journal report.4 This cutback coincided with other big-name funders curbing their giving, including casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, due largely to the financial crisis that hit the U.S. economy hard in 2008 (see Eli Clifton, “The Economic Crisis: Will Money Trump Ideology?” Right Web, October 29, 2008).
In the world of big-time philanthropy, there are many givers bigger than Scaife. The Ford Foundation gave away $491 million in 1998 alone. But by concentrating his giving on specific ideological objectives, and making most of his grants available with few strings attached, Scaife’s philanthropy has had a disproportionate impact on the rise of the Right.5 Together with other conservative givers, like the Olin and Bradley Foundations, Scaife is credited with playing a significant role in nurturing the emergence of the New Right, as the National Journal reports: “The intellectual flowering of the conservative movement at AEI [American Enterprise Institute], Heritage, and elsewhere was possible not only because a few visionaries distilled a movement's discontent but also because a handful of deep-pocketed, committed, and unusually patient wealthy benefactors such as John M. Olin,Richard Scaife, and foundations affiliated with them were willing to underwrite the broad ideological movement. Observers on the Left and Right agree that these institutions, collectively, have had a profound effect on the political debate, helping to restore the luster of such concepts as limited government, free markets, and personal responsibility that the New Deal and the Great Society had obscured, and to translate these philosophies into a concrete agenda for governing.”6
According to Ernest Hearst, Chip Berlet, and Jack Porter, two writers who helped uncover Scaife’s funding techniques were scholar Karen Rothmeyer and journalist David Warner, “who were the first to note that Scaife funded conservative projects in a very strategic manner to maximize the propaganda value of his dollars. Scaife accomplishes this by simultaneously funding several different projects at different groups on the same topic. According to Rothmeyer, the result is that in matters of defense and economic policy Scaife has helped to foster the illusion that there is a far greater diversity of views than actually exists.”7
The Washington Post credits Robert Duggan with interesting Scaife in politics while he was studying at the University of Pittsburgh in the mid-1950s. Duggan, who was then dating Scaife’s sister Cordelia, apparently convinced Scaife to run for the post of committeeman in Allegheny County. Relations between the two soured when, as the county’s third-term district attorney, Duggan was accused of making deals with “criminal elements” and accepting bribes. Duggan was eventually indicted on tax fraud in 1974. The day the ruling against Duggan came out, he was found dead from a shotgun wound.8
However, it was Scaife’s disillusionment with Richard Nixon that appears to have provided the impetus for his interest in conservative philanthropy. Reports the Post: “His experience with Nixon [to whom he had donated up to a million dollars], according to several associates, persuaded him to invest his hopes and his money in conservative institutions and ideas, not politicians. Though he has continued to give thousands to political campaigns and political action committees, his interest in electoral politics receded.”9
Scaife’s funding activities began in 1962, when he gave several grants to various organizations, including the American Bar Association’s Fund for Public Education for “education against communism.”10 Scaife soon developed funding relations with the American Enterprise Institute, the Hoover Institution, and Georgetown University’s Center for Strategic and International Studies.
In 1974, the Heritage Foundation, a mainstay of conservative domestic and foreign policy thought, was established. Scaife was pivotal in providing the seed money for the think tank, giving at least twice as much as beer magnate Joseph Coors (who donated $250,000) during Heritage’s first two years. Scaife has served as a member of the board of trustees since 1985.11
Among the organizations that have benefitted from Scaife’s largesse are the Center for Immigration Studies; the Center for Security Policy; the Center for Strategic and International Studies; the Committee for the Free World; the Committee on the Present Danger; the Ethics and Public Policy Center; the Federalist Society; the Foreign Policy Research Institute; Freedom House; the Heritage Foundation; the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace; the Hudson Institute; the Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies; the Institute on Religion and Democracy; the Institute on Religion and Public Life; the Jamestown Foundation; the Manhattan Institute; the National Endowment for Democracy; the National Institute for Public Policy; the National Interest; and the Philanthropy Roundtable.12
Scaife has also been a key figure in conservative publishing.13 Scaife bought a variety of newspapers in the 1960s and early 1970s, most of which were in Pennsylvania. His first media purchase was the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, which he bought in 1969 for $5 million, when he was 37 years old. Scaife still retains ownership of the Tribune-Review.14
Although his foundations have supported many of the organizations associated with the “war on terror” policies of the Bush administration, a key focus of of Scaife’s funding has been conservative social and domestic causes, which is reflected in the funding his foundations provide to groups like the Institute on Religion and Public Life and the Manhattan Institute.15
Scaife was a backer of the controversial Arkansas Project, a right-wing campaign to “uncover” the covert activities of Bill Clinton while he was governor and president. Liberal pundit James Carville called Scaife “the archconservative godfather in [a] heavily funded war against [Clinton].” Some observers have argued that Scaife is prone to conspiracy theories, which might have accounted, in part, for his support of the project. Scaife told John F. Kennedy Jr., former owner and publisher of George magazine: “Listen, [Clinton] can order people done away with at his will. He’s got the entire federal government behind him. … God, there must be 60 people [associated with Bill Clinton] who have died mysteriously.”16
Scaife has not been shy to use his minor media empire for political ends. According to Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting: “In the final days of the 2000 presidential campaign, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review publisher Richard Mellon Scaife, a longtime conservative activist, ordered all photographs and prominent mentions of Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore removed from the front page of the paper. As a result, the paper’s pre-election Sunday edition had a front page featuring George W. Bush in every campaign-related headline and photograph. A story about a Gore rally held in Pittsburgh, originally slated to run alongside a Bush piece on the front page, was moved to the inside of the paper. According to an account in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Tribune-Review managing editor Robert Fryer ‘tried to dissuade Scaife but was overruled.’”17
Affiliations18
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Heritage Foundation : Vice-Chairman (Trustee1985-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Hoover Institution : Member of the Board of Directors <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Committee on the Present Danger : Funder (1985-1989) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Sarah Scaife Foundation : Chairman (1973-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">The Allegheny Foundation : Chairman (1973-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Carthage Foundation : Chairman (1973-current) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"> Pittsburgh World Affairs Council : Member of the Board of Directors <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Pepperdine University : Member of the Board of Directors Government Service19
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">U.S. Advisory Commission for Public Diplomacy : Former Member (1984-1990) Private Sector20
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Tribune-Review Publishing Co., Inc. : Vice-Chairman, Publisher and Owner <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Tribune-Review : Owner and Chairman of the Board <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Sacramento Union : Former Owner (1977-1989) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"> First Boston Corporation : Stockholder and Board Member Education21
<li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">University of Pittsburgh : Degree unknown (1957) <li class="MsoNormal style3 style4" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;">Yale University : No degree earned [B]Sources[/B]
1. Scaife Foundations, “Annual Reports: Sarah Scaife Foundation,” http://www.scaife.com/sarah07.pdf; “Annual Reports: Carthage Foundation,” http://www.scaife.com/cartha07.pdf; “Annual Reports: Allegheny Foundation,” http://www.scaife.com/allegh07.pdf.
2. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999; Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999.
3. From the Feeding Trough, cited on Mediatransparency.org http://www.mediatransparency.org/funderp...funderID=3; “The 400 Richest Americans: #355 Richard Scaife”September 17, 2008, Forbes.com, [URL="http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/54/400list08_Richard-Scaife_T9LG.html"]http://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/54/400list08_Richard-Scaife_T9LG.html
[/URL]4. Julie Kosterlitz, “As Times Change, Key Think Tanks Trade Places,” National Journal, February 14, 2009.
5. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999; Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999.
6. Julie Kosterlitz, “As Times Change, Key Think Tanks Trade Places,” National Journal, February 14, 2009.
7. Ernest Hearst, Chip Berlet, and Jack Porter. “Scaife, Richard Mellon.” Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. Peter Knight, ed. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003, p. 646.
8. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
9. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
10. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999
11. Heritage Foundation Board of Trustees http://www.heritage.org/About/Departments/trustees.cfm; Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050299.htm; Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp
12. Mediatransparency: Aggregated Scaife Grants http://www.mediatransparency.org/scaifeaggregate.php
13. Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp
14. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
15. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050299.htm
16. Robert G. Kaiser and Ira Chinoy, “Scaife: Funding Father of the Right,” The Washington Post, May 2, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050299.htm
17. Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting: Fear & Favor 2000: How Power Shapes the News http://www.fair.org/ff2000.html; Dennis B. Roddy, “Tribune-Review’s Election Coverage Gores Vice President’s Campaign,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 8, 2000
18. Heritage Foundation Board of Trustees http://www.heritage.org/About/Departments/trustees.cfm; Media Transparency: Committee on the Present Danger http://www.mediatransparency.org/search_...entID=1779; Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp
19. Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/pol...050399.htm
20. Heritage Foundation Board of Trustees http://www.heritage.org/About/Departments/trustees.cfm; Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp; Robert B. Gunnison, “Sacramento Union Says It Will Stop Publishing Historic paper closing down after 142 years,” The San Francisco Chronicle, January 13, 1994
21. Karen Rothmeyer, “Citizen Scaife,” Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 1981 http://archives.cjr.org/year/81/4/scaife.asp; Robert G. Kaiser, “Money, Family Name Shaped Scaife,” The Washington Post, May 3, 1999 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/poli...050399.htm
"The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it." Karl Marx
"He would, wouldn't he?" Mandy Rice-Davies. When asked in court whether she knew that Lord Astor had denied having sex with her.
“I think it would be a good idea” Ghandi, when asked about Western Civilisation.
"He would, wouldn't he?" Mandy Rice-Davies. When asked in court whether she knew that Lord Astor had denied having sex with her.
“I think it would be a good idea” Ghandi, when asked about Western Civilisation.