01-03-2009, 04:16 AM
The John M. Olin Foundation, once one of the country’s premier conservative foundations, closed down in 2005 after a half century of operations. Among its more notable grantees were the Heritage Foundation, the Federalist Society, the Hoover Institution, Allan Bloom, and Charles Murray. In discussing the closing, Olin director James Piereson said, “I guess I would say, looking back on this period, that it’s worked out a lot better than we had any right to expect when we started. I’m sure some stuff failed or didn’t go anywhere, but not a lot of it.”1
The foundation grew out of the Olin Corporation—an ammunition and chemical business—in 1953, when John Merrill Olin began providing financial support to efforts to promote capitalism and fend off what he saw as encroaching socialism. He supported a variety of other causes and his foundation became a major backer of right-wing think tanks, policy institutes, colleges, and academics.2
A staunch supporter of the anti-communist right in the United States, the foundation was a key booster of neoconservatism beginning in the 1970s, especially at the American Enterprise Institute, considered the premier neocon think tank in the United States. Irving Kristol, a key intellectual architect of neoconservatism, writes that AEI’s efforts to recruit neoconservatives in the 1970s and 1980s was “facilitated by the appearance on the scene of a rejuventated Bradley Foundation and John M. Olin Foundation.”3
Olin was also a prominent booster of militarist policies in the post-Cold War period. According to scholars Jean Stefanic and Richard Delgado, in the early 1990s, Olin “withdrew support from the Cato institute following its position on foreign policy specifically its opposition to all foreign military engagements, including the Persian Gulf War.”4 Along with AEI, many of whose scholars helped shape the “war on terror” policies of the President George W. Bush, Olin was also a key supporter of other neocon-aligned groups like the Hudson Institute.
Leadership
John Olin ran the foundation until 1977, when he chose former treasury secretary William E. Simon to succeed him as president. Olin said at the time that he created the foundation in an effort “to see free enterprise re-established in this country. Business and the public must be awakened to the creeping stranglehold that socialism has gained here since World War II.’’5
Olin’s successor, Simon, had been an aggressive Wall Street investor and effective fundraiser. He served under Presidents Nixon and Ford and later became president of the United States Olympic Committee, where he helped lead the boycott of the 1980 games in Moscow. In his 1979 book, Time for Truth, Simon wrote: “Funds generated by business … must rush by the multimillions to the aid of liberty … to funnel desperately needed funds to scholars, social scientists, writers, and journalists who understand the relationship between political and economic liberty. [Business must] cease the mindless subsidizing of colleges and universities whose departments of economy, government, politics, and history are hostile to capitalism.”6
Michael Joyce, a guiding light of right-wing philanthropy in the United States until his death in 2006, succeeded Simon as Olin’s president and remained in that post until 1985, when he was tapped to run the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. Joyce served as chairman of the Philanthropy Roundtable, a position he held while at Bradley. Irving Kristol once dubbed him the “godfather of modern philanthropy.”
James Piereson served as Olin’s last executive director. He also served as secretary of the foundation’s board of trustees at the time of its closing. Those serving with him at the time included Eugene F. Williams Jr., Chairman; George J. Gillespie III, President and Treasurer; and Peter M. Flanigan, Richard M. Furlaud, and Charles F. Knight.7
Looking back at Olin’s role, Piereson once opined, "The basic instincts of the American people were conservative, but the intellectuals are moving in an opposite direction. Our job was to show the American people why they were right."8
Impact
Together with a host of like-minded foundations Olin is credited with having played an integral role in establishing the organizational foundation for the emergence of the New Right.9 In a 1997 report for the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, Sally Covington wrote, “By the early 1980s, journalistic reports in the Washington Post, Esquire magazine, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, and the Columbia Journalism Review were highlighting the important role that the Koch, Olin, Smith Richardson, Sarah Scaife, and other foundations were playing in building the organizational base of the right.”10
Since the 1970s, the foundation has been providing funding to law and economics programs in schools across the nation, and to legal organizations such as the Federalist Society. Over a six-year period between 1987 and 1993, Olin awarded $13 million to university law and economics programs. Former executive director Piereson once stated that he “saw [law and economics programs] as a way into the law schools—I probably shouldn’t confess that. … Economic analysis tends to have conservatizing effects.”11
According to journalist Jason DeParle, the Federalist Society might not exist if not for Olin.12 It began as a college society that brought in conservative speakers and now is 25,000 strong. Many of its members served in the Bush administration, including Michael Chertoff, Spencer Abraham, Gale Norton, John Ashcroft, Theodore Olson, and John Bolton.
In its efforts to turn back what it saw as the rampant liberalism and socialism at U.S. universities, Olin supported the work of some of the country’s most notorious right-wing academics, including Roger Kimball, Charles Murray, and Dinesh D’Souza.13 The foundation also backed a passel of rightist campaigns on college campuses—including the movement to end affirmative action in colleges and universities—through its support of Linda Chavez’s Center for Equal Opportunity, the Independent Women’s Forum, and the American Civil Rights Institute. Over the years, they received a combined total of $3.3 million from Olin ($1.6 million, $776,000, and $900,000, respectively).14
Despite its apparent antagonism to higher learning (former director Pierson once said that liberal academics "don't like American capitalism, American culture, and they don't like American history—they see it as a history of oppression"15 ) the foundation was a major donor to elite universities, which were by far the largest recipients of Olin money during its final two decades in operation. The top six Olin grantees during [url=javascript:void(0)]1985-2005[/url] were Harvard University, the University of Chicago, Washington University, Yale University, the University of Rochester and Stanford University, which received a combined total of about $100 million during the period, much of which was in the form of general support grants.16
Olin also worked to keep think tanks in line with its policy views. Sally Covington writes that AEI once lost Olin funding in the 1980s. “Judging from AEI’s own statements, the institution … moved to assume a more aggressive and conservative public policy role, perhaps owing to conservative efforts to ‘defund’ the think tank during the mid-1980s when some judged its research orientation to be too centrist. In 1986, the Olin and Smith Richardson foundations withdrew their support from AEI because of substantive disagreement with certain of its policies, causing [then-President William] Baroody to resign in the ensuing financial crisis.”17
Mission
"The general purpose of the John M. Olin Foundation is to provide support for projects that reflect or are intended to strengthen the economic, political and cultural institutions upon which the American heritage of constitutional government and private enterprise is based. The Foundation also seeks to promote a general understanding of these institutions by encouraging the thoughtful study of the connections between economic and political freedoms, and the cultural heritage that sustains them."18
Key Personnel (2005)
George J. Gillespie, III, President and Treasurer; Eugene F. Williams, Jr., Chairman, Trustee, and Board member; Caroline Hemphill, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer; Richard Furlaud, Trustee and Board member; Peter Flanigan, Trustee and Board member; James Piereson, Executive Director and Secretary.19
Revenue (2005)
$ 483,180 20
Founded
1953
Top Olin grantees [url=javascript:void(0)]1985-2005[/url] 21
<li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Harvard University $26,016,819 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">University of Chicago $21,216,891 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Washington University $20,767,686 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Yale University $17,282,509 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">University of Rochester $9,725,230 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Stanford University 8,944,835 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Heritage Foundation $8,620,835 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research $7,507,124 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">George Mason University $6,890,824 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Inc. $5,699,500 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Harvard Law School $5,545,345 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace $5,190,660 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies $4,790,000 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">New York University $4,323,105 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">University of Virginia $4,199,066 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Columbia University $4,064,000 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. $3,876,400 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc. $3,502,600 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Hudson Institute, Inc. $3,034,840 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Georgetown University $2,759,082 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Princeton University $2,744,759 [B]Sources[/B]
1. New York Observer, May 9, 2005.
2. Walter H. Waggoner, “John M. Olin, Executive and Philanthropist, Dies,” The New York Times, September 10, 1982.
3. Irving Kristol, Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an In Idea, Free ress, 1995, page 33.
4. Jean Stefanic and Richard Delgado, No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations Changed America's Social Agenda, Temple University Press, 1996, pg 69.
5. Walter H. Waggoner, “John M. Olin, Executive and Philanthropist, Dies,” The New York Times, September 10, 1982.
6. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997
7. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004; The John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.: Board of Trustees, http://web.archive.org/web/20050824053416/http://jmof.org/board.html; Richard W. Stevenson, “William E. Simon, Ex-Treasury Secretary and High-Profile Investor, Is Dead at 72,” The New York Times, June 4, 2000;
8. Jason DeParle, “Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop,” The New York Times, May 29, 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20050604022642/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/060105H.shtml.
9. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997
10. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997
11. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997; Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004
12. Jason DeParle, “Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop,” The New York Times, May 29, 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20050604022642/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/060105H.shtml.
13. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004
14. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004; Mediatransparency.org: John M. Olin Foundation Grants http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipie...funderID=7
15. Jason DeParle, “Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop,” The New York Times, May 29, 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20050604022642/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/060105H.shtml.
16. Mediatransparency.org: John M. Olin Foundation Grants http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipie...funderID=7
17. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997;
18. NationMaster, John M. Olin Foundation, http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia...Foundation
19. John M. Olin Foundation, 990 IRS Form, http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/20...08aa-F.pdf
20. MediaTransparency, John M. Olin Foundation, http://www.mediatransparency.org/funderp...funderID=7
21. MediaTransparency, John M. Olin Foundation receipts of funder, http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipie...funderID=7
span.jajahWrapper { font-size:1em; color:#B11196; text-decoration:underline; } a.jajahLink { color:#000000; text-decoration:none; } span.jajahInLink:hover { background-color:#B11196; }
The foundation grew out of the Olin Corporation—an ammunition and chemical business—in 1953, when John Merrill Olin began providing financial support to efforts to promote capitalism and fend off what he saw as encroaching socialism. He supported a variety of other causes and his foundation became a major backer of right-wing think tanks, policy institutes, colleges, and academics.2
A staunch supporter of the anti-communist right in the United States, the foundation was a key booster of neoconservatism beginning in the 1970s, especially at the American Enterprise Institute, considered the premier neocon think tank in the United States. Irving Kristol, a key intellectual architect of neoconservatism, writes that AEI’s efforts to recruit neoconservatives in the 1970s and 1980s was “facilitated by the appearance on the scene of a rejuventated Bradley Foundation and John M. Olin Foundation.”3
Olin was also a prominent booster of militarist policies in the post-Cold War period. According to scholars Jean Stefanic and Richard Delgado, in the early 1990s, Olin “withdrew support from the Cato institute following its position on foreign policy specifically its opposition to all foreign military engagements, including the Persian Gulf War.”4 Along with AEI, many of whose scholars helped shape the “war on terror” policies of the President George W. Bush, Olin was also a key supporter of other neocon-aligned groups like the Hudson Institute.
Leadership
John Olin ran the foundation until 1977, when he chose former treasury secretary William E. Simon to succeed him as president. Olin said at the time that he created the foundation in an effort “to see free enterprise re-established in this country. Business and the public must be awakened to the creeping stranglehold that socialism has gained here since World War II.’’5
Olin’s successor, Simon, had been an aggressive Wall Street investor and effective fundraiser. He served under Presidents Nixon and Ford and later became president of the United States Olympic Committee, where he helped lead the boycott of the 1980 games in Moscow. In his 1979 book, Time for Truth, Simon wrote: “Funds generated by business … must rush by the multimillions to the aid of liberty … to funnel desperately needed funds to scholars, social scientists, writers, and journalists who understand the relationship between political and economic liberty. [Business must] cease the mindless subsidizing of colleges and universities whose departments of economy, government, politics, and history are hostile to capitalism.”6
Michael Joyce, a guiding light of right-wing philanthropy in the United States until his death in 2006, succeeded Simon as Olin’s president and remained in that post until 1985, when he was tapped to run the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation. Joyce served as chairman of the Philanthropy Roundtable, a position he held while at Bradley. Irving Kristol once dubbed him the “godfather of modern philanthropy.”
James Piereson served as Olin’s last executive director. He also served as secretary of the foundation’s board of trustees at the time of its closing. Those serving with him at the time included Eugene F. Williams Jr., Chairman; George J. Gillespie III, President and Treasurer; and Peter M. Flanigan, Richard M. Furlaud, and Charles F. Knight.7
Looking back at Olin’s role, Piereson once opined, "The basic instincts of the American people were conservative, but the intellectuals are moving in an opposite direction. Our job was to show the American people why they were right."8
Impact
Together with a host of like-minded foundations Olin is credited with having played an integral role in establishing the organizational foundation for the emergence of the New Right.9 In a 1997 report for the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, Sally Covington wrote, “By the early 1980s, journalistic reports in the Washington Post, Esquire magazine, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, and the Columbia Journalism Review were highlighting the important role that the Koch, Olin, Smith Richardson, Sarah Scaife, and other foundations were playing in building the organizational base of the right.”10
Since the 1970s, the foundation has been providing funding to law and economics programs in schools across the nation, and to legal organizations such as the Federalist Society. Over a six-year period between 1987 and 1993, Olin awarded $13 million to university law and economics programs. Former executive director Piereson once stated that he “saw [law and economics programs] as a way into the law schools—I probably shouldn’t confess that. … Economic analysis tends to have conservatizing effects.”11
According to journalist Jason DeParle, the Federalist Society might not exist if not for Olin.12 It began as a college society that brought in conservative speakers and now is 25,000 strong. Many of its members served in the Bush administration, including Michael Chertoff, Spencer Abraham, Gale Norton, John Ashcroft, Theodore Olson, and John Bolton.
In its efforts to turn back what it saw as the rampant liberalism and socialism at U.S. universities, Olin supported the work of some of the country’s most notorious right-wing academics, including Roger Kimball, Charles Murray, and Dinesh D’Souza.13 The foundation also backed a passel of rightist campaigns on college campuses—including the movement to end affirmative action in colleges and universities—through its support of Linda Chavez’s Center for Equal Opportunity, the Independent Women’s Forum, and the American Civil Rights Institute. Over the years, they received a combined total of $3.3 million from Olin ($1.6 million, $776,000, and $900,000, respectively).14
Despite its apparent antagonism to higher learning (former director Pierson once said that liberal academics "don't like American capitalism, American culture, and they don't like American history—they see it as a history of oppression"15 ) the foundation was a major donor to elite universities, which were by far the largest recipients of Olin money during its final two decades in operation. The top six Olin grantees during [url=javascript:void(0)]1985-2005[/url] were Harvard University, the University of Chicago, Washington University, Yale University, the University of Rochester and Stanford University, which received a combined total of about $100 million during the period, much of which was in the form of general support grants.16
Olin also worked to keep think tanks in line with its policy views. Sally Covington writes that AEI once lost Olin funding in the 1980s. “Judging from AEI’s own statements, the institution … moved to assume a more aggressive and conservative public policy role, perhaps owing to conservative efforts to ‘defund’ the think tank during the mid-1980s when some judged its research orientation to be too centrist. In 1986, the Olin and Smith Richardson foundations withdrew their support from AEI because of substantive disagreement with certain of its policies, causing [then-President William] Baroody to resign in the ensuing financial crisis.”17
Mission
"The general purpose of the John M. Olin Foundation is to provide support for projects that reflect or are intended to strengthen the economic, political and cultural institutions upon which the American heritage of constitutional government and private enterprise is based. The Foundation also seeks to promote a general understanding of these institutions by encouraging the thoughtful study of the connections between economic and political freedoms, and the cultural heritage that sustains them."18
Key Personnel (2005)
George J. Gillespie, III, President and Treasurer; Eugene F. Williams, Jr., Chairman, Trustee, and Board member; Caroline Hemphill, Assistant Secretary and Assistant Treasurer; Richard Furlaud, Trustee and Board member; Peter Flanigan, Trustee and Board member; James Piereson, Executive Director and Secretary.19
Revenue (2005)
$ 483,180 20
Founded
1953
Top Olin grantees [url=javascript:void(0)]1985-2005[/url] 21
<li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Harvard University $26,016,819 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">University of Chicago $21,216,891 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Washington University $20,767,686 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Yale University $17,282,509 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">University of Rochester $9,725,230 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Stanford University 8,944,835 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Heritage Foundation $8,620,835 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research $7,507,124 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">George Mason University $6,890,824 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, Inc. $5,699,500 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Harvard Law School $5,545,345 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace $5,190,660 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy Studies $4,790,000 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">New York University $4,323,105 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">University of Virginia $4,199,066 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Columbia University $4,064,000 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. $3,876,400 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Intercollegiate Studies Institute, Inc. $3,502,600 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Hudson Institute, Inc. $3,034,840 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Georgetown University $2,759,082 <li style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Princeton University $2,744,759 [B]Sources[/B]
1. New York Observer, May 9, 2005.
2. Walter H. Waggoner, “John M. Olin, Executive and Philanthropist, Dies,” The New York Times, September 10, 1982.
3. Irving Kristol, Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an In Idea, Free ress, 1995, page 33.
4. Jean Stefanic and Richard Delgado, No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations Changed America's Social Agenda, Temple University Press, 1996, pg 69.
5. Walter H. Waggoner, “John M. Olin, Executive and Philanthropist, Dies,” The New York Times, September 10, 1982.
6. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997
7. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004; The John M. Olin Foundation, Inc.: Board of Trustees, http://web.archive.org/web/20050824053416/http://jmof.org/board.html; Richard W. Stevenson, “William E. Simon, Ex-Treasury Secretary and High-Profile Investor, Is Dead at 72,” The New York Times, June 4, 2000;
8. Jason DeParle, “Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop,” The New York Times, May 29, 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20050604022642/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/060105H.shtml.
9. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997
10. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997
11. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997; Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004
12. Jason DeParle, “Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop,” The New York Times, May 29, 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20050604022642/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/060105H.shtml.
13. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004
14. Jeff Krehely, Meaghan House, and Emily Kernan, Axis of Ideology: Conservative Foundations and Public Policy, National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, March 2004; Mediatransparency.org: John M. Olin Foundation Grants http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipie...funderID=7
15. Jason DeParle, “Goals Reached, Donor on Right Closes Up Shop,” The New York Times, May 29, 2005 http://web.archive.org/web/20050604022642/http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/060105H.shtml.
16. Mediatransparency.org: John M. Olin Foundation Grants http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipie...funderID=7
17. Sally Covington, Moving a Public Policy Agenda: The Strategic Philanthropy of Conservative Foundations, The National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, July 1997;
18. NationMaster, John M. Olin Foundation, http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia...Foundation
19. John M. Olin Foundation, 990 IRS Form, http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/20...08aa-F.pdf
20. MediaTransparency, John M. Olin Foundation, http://www.mediatransparency.org/funderp...funderID=7
21. MediaTransparency, John M. Olin Foundation receipts of funder, http://www.mediatransparency.org/recipie...funderID=7
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"The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it." Karl Marx
"He would, wouldn't he?" Mandy Rice-Davies. When asked in court whether she knew that Lord Astor had denied having sex with her.
“I think it would be a good idea” Ghandi, when asked about Western Civilisation.
"He would, wouldn't he?" Mandy Rice-Davies. When asked in court whether she knew that Lord Astor had denied having sex with her.
“I think it would be a good idea” Ghandi, when asked about Western Civilisation.