Don't Worry, The US Prisons Are In Good Hands....ha, ha, ha, ha!

[Peter Lemkin]

Peter, you definitely have a point on your post, but with all due respect, you've forgotten about the major reason that prisons in the US have deteriorated to the point that they are at today. That reason is money. You know the old saying..."Money talks, BS walks"? When you have a for-profit prison system, which is financed by the public sector, the bottom line...and I mean the bottom line, is all that matters. Speaking of Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), the major subject of this thread, I can speak from experience that the bottom line is all that matters. $22 per inmate, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year...or at least that was the going rate when I left.

That's why private facilities especially are full all of the time - they can't afford to be below capacity. And officers right now are doing so much overtime because of minimum staffing laws, the turnover rate is staggering. And trust me...officers don't get treated that much better than offenders.

Finland is civilized. The USA is not. When you are caught parking illegally in Finland, the fine is sent to your home via mail or electronically and is based upon a % of your income...billionaires [there aren't any, but....] would pay a fortune; a poor person almost nothing....but an equal share of what they have - equal pain and penalty. Finland and the other Scandinavian countries are based more on compassion and forgiveness - helping someone to live a better life. USA on retribution and sadism - with a religious overtone - and help is for those who don't need it....if you need it, it is not available!.....from a bank loan to welfare or medical care.

New Zealand inspired a lot of the stuff they have in Scandanavia nowadays and we decided in the mid 80's to go the US route and bingo.

James, I wouldn't argue any point you make. But this bottom (bottom) line you refer to also leads to CCA hiring PR firms and LOTS of lobbyists, even buying members of Congress and getting the guards [by various means] to vote for harsher legislation, more 'hanging' judges, longer sentences, etc. = greater profits [and more inmates/prisons]. Rather than having a society that is trying to lessen the need for and the number of inmates, we get the opposite!!! In addition [and you might speak to this point] CCA owns, in whole or in part, the companies [or divisions] that make all the items prisoners buy, use, eat, make calls on, et al. They profit from their misfortune in every way....even selling their labor CHEAP (or as guinea pigs for medical and intel experiments). Nowhere in the system is there anything resembling 'correction' or retraining/rehabilitation/counseling/therapy/etc. towards being a better person/citizen, able to function in the non-criminal part of society once out....rather it is a graduate level university for being a master criminal and the mean-spirited environment to drive one to 'study hard'.

Many are in for petty crimes or victimless crimes [or 'three strikes' on all-but-nothing crimes]. All inmates know those who were framed, are innocent, have excessive sentences for the crime, had both the prosecution and their public defender [plus the judge] dead set to see them locked away - the facts be damned [more so if poor and/or black]. This must enrage even those who are white and truly guilty; seeing that the system is rotten to the core. Most guards must know and see this too.

It is only Mr. and Ms. Sheeple on the outside who fail to see this....and fail to realize how easily they too could wind up on the other side of the 'wall'.....and may sooner, rather than later..if in FEMA camps [likely run by CCA]. Privatizing prisons is like privatizing the fire department...only the rich get a 'get out of jail' or 'put your house out' card.

We are #1 - HEY!
Rank Countries Amount
# 1 United States: 715 per 100,000 people
# 2 Russia: 584 per 100,000 people
# 3 Belarus: 554 per 100,000 people
# 4 Palau: 523 per 100,000 people
# 5 Belize: 459 per 100,000 people
# 6 Suriname: 437 per 100,000 people
# 7 Dominica: 420 per 100,000 people
# 8 Ukraine: 416 per 100,000 people
# 9 Bahamas, The: 410 per 100,000 people
# 10 South Africa: 402 per 100,000 people
# 11 Kyrgyzstan: 390 per 100,000 people
# 12 Singapore: 388 per 100,000 people
# 13 Kazakhstan: 386 per 100,000 people
# 14 Barbados: 367 per 100,000 people
# 15 Panama: 354 per 100,000 people
# 16 Trinidad and Tobago: 351 per 100,000 people
# 17 Thailand: 340 per 100,000 people
= 18 Estonia: 339 per 100,000 people
= 18 Latvia: 339 per 100,000 people
# 20 Saint Kitts and Nevis: 338 per 100,000 people
# 21 Grenada: 333 per 100,000 people
# 22 Botswana: 327 per 100,000 people
# 23 Swaziland: 324 per 100,000 people
# 24 Mongolia: 303 per 100,000 people
# 25 Antigua and Barbuda: 278 per 100,000 people
# 26 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 270 per 100,000 people
# 27 Namibia: 267 per 100,000 people
# 28 Tunisia: 253 per 100,000 people
# 29 Taiwan: 250 per 100,000 people
# 30 Saint Lucia: 243 per 100,000 people
# 31 Lithuania: 234 per 100,000 people
# 32 Costa Rica: 229 per 100,000 people
# 33 Iran: 226 per 100,000 people
# 34 Mauritius: 214 per 100,000 people
# 35 Poland: 210 per 100,000 people
# 36 Uruguay: 209 per 100,000 people
# 37 Seychelles: 207 per 100,000 people
# 38 Chile: 204 per 100,000 people
# 39 Azerbaijan: 198 per 100,000 people
# 40 Romania: 193 per 100,000 people
# 41 Uzbekistan: 184 per 100,000 people
# 42 Czech Republic: 178 per 100,000 people
= 43 Morocco: 176 per 100,000 people
= 43 Jamaica: 176 per 100,000 people
# 45 Guyana: 175 per 100,000 people
# 46 Israel: 174 per 100,000 people
# 47 Libya: 173 per 100,000 people
# 48 Honduras: 172 per 100,000 people
= 49 Mexico: 169 per 100,000 people
= 49 Brazil: 169 per 100,000 people
= 51 Slovakia: 165 per 100,000 people
= 51 Hungary: 165 per 100,000 people
= 53 Malaysia: 161 per 100,000 people
= 53 Tajikistan: 161 per 100,000 people
# 55 New Zealand: 160 per 100,000 people
# 56 El Salvador: 158 per 100,000 people
# 57 Dominican Republic: 157 per 100,000 people
# 58 Bahrain: 155 per 100,000 people
# 59 Georgia: 148 per 100,000 people
# 60 Lebanon: 146 per 100,000 people
# 61 Spain: 144 per 100,000 people
= 62 Lesotho: 143 per 100,000 people
= 62 Nicaragua: 143 per 100,000 people
= 64 Madagascar: 130 per 100,000 people
= 64 Portugal: 130 per 100,000 people
= 66 Cameroon: 129 per 100,000 people
= 66 Burundi: 129 per 100,000 people
# 68 Bulgaria: 127 per 100,000 people
# 69 Colombia: 126 per 100,000 people
# 70 Zambia: 121 per 100,000 people
# 71 China: 119 per 100,000 people
# 72 Fiji: 117 per 100,000 people
= 73 Canada: 116 per 100,000 people
= 73 Australia: 116 per 100,000 people
= 73 Tanzania: 116 per 100,000 people
# 76 Netherlands: 112 per 100,000 people
= 77 Luxembourg: 111 per 100,000 people
= 77 Kenya: 111 per 100,000 people
= 79 Central African Republic: 110 per 100,000 people
= 79 Algeria: 110 per 100,000 people
= 79 Saudi Arabia: 110 per 100,000 people
# 82 Rwanda: 109 per 100,000 people
# 83 Argentina: 107 per 100,000 people
= 84 Tonga: 106 per 100,000 people
= 84 Jordan: 106 per 100,000 people
= 86 Albania: 105 per 100,000 people
= 86 Sri Lanka: 105 per 100,000 people
# 88 Peru: 104 per 100,000 people
= 89 Kuwait: 102 per 100,000 people
= 89 Bolivia: 102 per 100,000 people
= 91 Austria: 100 per 100,000 people
= 91 Italy: 100 per 100,000 people
# 93 Germany: 96 per 100,000 people
= 94 Qatar: 95 per 100,000 people
= 94 France: 95 per 100,000 people
# 96 Philippines: 94 per 100,000 people
# 97 Syria: 93 per 100,000 people
= 98 Armenia: 92 per 100,000 people
= 98 Turkey: 92 per 100,000 people
# 100 Andorra: 90 per 100,000 people
# 101 Belgium: 88 per 100,000 people
= 102 Yemen: 83 per 100,000 people
= 102 Greece: 83 per 100,000 people
= 104 Benin: 81 per 100,000 people
= 104 Oman: 81 per 100,000 people
# 106 Sao Tome and Principe: 79 per 100,000 people
# 107 Venezuela: 76 per 100,000 people
= 108 Sweden: 75 per 100,000 people
= 108 Paraguay: 75 per 100,000 people
= 110 Switzerland: 72 per 100,000 people
= 110 Denmark: 72 per 100,000 people
= 110 Malta: 72 per 100,000 people
= 113 Vietnam: 71 per 100,000 people
= 113 Finland: 71 per 100,000 people
# 115 Malawi: 70 per 100,000 people
# 116 Guatemala: 68 per 100,000 people
# 117 Papua New Guinea: 66 per 100,000 people
= 118 Norway: 64 per 100,000 people
= 118 Croatia: 64 per 100,000 people
# 120 Djibouti: 61 per 100,000 people
= 121 Ecuador: 59 per 100,000 people
= 121 Pakistan: 59 per 100,000 people
= 121 Slovenia: 59 per 100,000 people
= 124 Tuvalu: 56 per 100,000 people
= 124 Kiribati: 56 per 100,000 people
= 126 Senegal: 54 per 100,000 people
= 126 Japan: 54 per 100,000 people
= 128 Haiti: 53 per 100,000 people
= 128 Liechtenstein: 53 per 100,000 people
# 130 Ghana: 52 per 100,000 people
= 131 Mozambique: 50 per 100,000 people
= 131 Bangladesh: 50 per 100,000 people
= 131 Cyprus: 50 per 100,000 people
= 134 Nauru: 48 per 100,000 people
= 134 Mauritania: 48 per 100,000 people
= 136 Chad: 46 per 100,000 people
= 136 Togo: 46 per 100,000 people
# 138 Cambodia: 45 per 100,000 people
= 139 Angola: 44 per 100,000 people
= 139 Marshall Islands: 44 per 100,000 people
= 139 Vanuatu: 44 per 100,000 people
# 142 Iceland: 40 per 100,000 people
# 143 Monaco: 39 per 100,000 people
= 144 Indonesia: 38 per 100,000 people
= 144 Congo, Democratic Republic of the: 38 per 100,000 people
# 146 Guinea: 37 per 100,000 people
= 147 Micronesia, Federated States of: 34 per 100,000 people
= 147 Mali: 34 per 100,000 people
# 149 Nigeria: 33 per 100,000 people
# 150 Gambia, The: 32 per 100,000 people
# 151 Solomon Islands: 31 per 100,000 people
= 152 India: 29 per 100,000 people
= 152 Nepal: 29 per 100,000 people
# 154 Burkina Faso: 23 per 100,000 people
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[URL="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/ronhuff.htm"]10,000 INNOCENT PEOPLE
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The Prison Industrial Complex: Does It Create A New Form Of Slavery? How Much Labor Is Done In The Prison System?83
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By Reality Bytes

Cold blooded utilization of Human Labor!

There are many organizations which have criticized what they see as a new structure, which exploits human beings in the United States. These organizations include Human Rights groups as well as Political and Social groups.

The complaints entail the use of the United States prison population, amounting to about two million people (many Black and Hispanic) to work for a range of industries for nickels and dimes.

For the business moguls that have participated in prison labor schemes, it is like they continuously hit the lottery.

The workers are unable to strike, there is no need to pay unemployment insurance. There is no need to cover vacation pay or workman's compensation bills.

The workers pull full-time shifts, they never arrive late for work. They also never call in absent due to family emergencies.

Even better then all this is that if the workers are not happy with their twenty five cents an hour job, they can be locked up in secluded cells.


The prison population is rising dramatically!

The United States incarcerates about two million inmates in State, Federal, and Private prisons all over the country.

There has never been an instance in the history of humanity that a country has caged so many of its own citizens.

The numbers do not lie! The United States has jailed more people than any other country on the globe. China has a population that exceeds the United States population by five times more than the United States.

Even though only five percent of the people on the planet reside in the United States, the United States confines twenty five percent of the globe's prison population.

In 1972 the United States prison population was around three hundred thousand, there was over one million incarcerated by 1990. The prison population rose to over two million by the year 2000.

There was only five private prisons in the country ten years ago holding a prison population of around two thousand. Now there are over one hundred private prisons exceeding sixty two thousand prisoners.

Within the next ten years that number will reach an astounding three hundred and sixty thousand inmates according to current trends.
Prisons, Corporate America , Shopping and You

Why have the number of prisoners increased?

What has changed in the American society in the past ten years? Why has there been such an increase of citizens incarcerated?

Private prisons subcontracting prisoners to work encourages reasons to have people locked up. These prisons have come to require the income from prison labor!

The commercial investors that make a profit off of the labor of prisoners also spend a huge amount of money to lobby for longer prison sentences, they do this to increase their labor force.

The Prison Industrial Complex provides for itself. There are some opponents of prisoner labor who compare the United States Prison Labor Camps as an imitation of the actions perpetrated by Nazi Germany, comparing the forced labor and concentration camps.

The United States Prison Industrial Complex is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the United States and the people who invest in this industry reside on Wall street.

This industry has profits in the mega millions and even holds its own trade exhibitions, conventions, websites, and even send out mail order and Internet catalogs.

The industry actually participates in Direct Advertising campaigns. Companies that are solicited includes construction companies, architecture companies, even investment firms on Wall street. they also solicit businesses such as plumbing supply companies, food supply companies, armed security and even padded cells in a great diversity of colors.

Privatized Prisons and Prison Labor IS Slavery

What kind of jobs do prisoners get?

As stated by many opponents, the Federal Prison Complex produces one hundred percent of all military helmets, ammunition belts, bullet proof vests, Identification tags, shirts, pants tents, bags and even canteens.

Not only are prisoners used to manufacture military equipment, prison workers provide ninety eight percent of the total market for equipment assembly services. They produce ninety three percent of paints and paintbrushes, ninety two percent of stove assemblies, forty six percent of body armor, thirty six percent of all home appliances, thirty percent of all microphones, headphones, and speakers, and they even manufacture twenty one percent of all office furniture.

Everything from parts for airplanes to medical supplies, prisoners produce even more than this, they are even used to train seeing eye dogs for the blind.
The history of prison labor in the United States!

The use of prisoners as units of labor has its origins in the Institution of Slavery. After the Civil War (1861-1865) an organization of hiring out prisoners was introduced to the Country to maintain the tradition of slavery.

Once the slaves aquired their Freedom, many were charged with not fulfilling their Sharecropping obligations. Sharecropping is the cultivation of the land belonging to another for a share of part of the harvest.

Many others were charged with petty theft, most cases were never proven. After being convicted these prisoners were hired out to pick cotton, or to work in the mining industry and even aiding to build the countries railway system.

Between 1870 and 1910 the State of Georgia hired out convicts that consisted of eighty eight percent of black prisoners!

The State of Alabama hired out prisoners to work in mines, ninety three percent being black!

The State of Mississippi constructed an enormous prison farm, being very similar to the older Slave Plantations except the slaves were replaced with convicts.

This infamous Parchman Plantation remained in existence until the year 1972!

DOD & the Federal Prison Industries

Who would use prison labor?

Throughout the years following the Civil War, the Jim Crow racial segregation laws were enforced in every State. The segregation of schools , housing, and even marriages as well as many other features of everyday life were affected by the Jim Crow Laws.

Jump to present time and you will notice a modern set of obvious racist laws carrying out slave labor and sweatshops within the criminal justice system, also known as the Prison Industrial Complex.
Who would invest in this kind of prison/slave labor schemes?

There are currently at least thirty seven states that have sanctioned the outsourcing of prison labor by private corporations that base their businesses within our state prison system.

The list of companies participating in this kind of labor schemes comprise some of the United States leading corporations.

IBM, Boeing, Motorola, Microsoft, AT&T, Wireless, Texas Instrument, Dell, Compaq, Honeywell, Hewlett-Packard, Nortel, Lucent Technologies, 3Com, Intel, Northern Telecom, TWA, Nordstrom's, Revlon, Macy's, Pierre Cardin, Target Stores, among many others.

Each and every one of these businesses are thrilled about the financial success produced by prison labor.

In the years between 1980 and 1994 the corporate profits rose from $392 million to an astounding $1.32 billion!



What kind of pay do the prisoners receive?

In some State penitentiaries the prisoners will receive the minimum wage for their labor, but not in all States. Colorado pays about two dollars an hour, ridiculously under the minimum wage.

In a private run prison, the convicts can be given as little as seventeen cents an hour for a six day work week resulting in the earnings of around twenty dollars a month!

The private prison with the highest prisoner wages is the CCA in Tennesee, prisoners there can receive fifty cents for an hours work if they are determined to be "highly skilled".

Working for these rates it is understandable why inmates would rather be incarcerated in Federal prisons, where the pay is so much higher.

In a Federal prison the convict can earn $1.25 an hour for an eight hour workday and occasionally they will even get overtime pay. This enables the prisoner to have $200 to $300 a month to send back home.

Due to the introduction of prison labor, the United States has again become an appealing location for investment in jobs that were designated for the Third World labor markets.

There are some companies that have managed assembly plants in Mexico near the border of the United states that have closed down their Mexican plants. These jobs have been transferred to San Quentin State Prison in California.

In the State of Texas, one factory laid off all of its 150 workers and contracted the labor of prisoners within the private Lockhart Texas prison. Inside this prison circuit boards are manufactured for companies like IBM and Compaq.

An Oregon representative recently advocated to the Nike company to slow down its production in Indonesia and instead bring these jobs to his State. He tried to persuade the shoemaker by explaining how much Nike could save in transporting their shoes into America, he also emphasized that the cost of labor would be about the same or less then Nike was paying their Indonesian employees.

[Seamus Coogan]

Good stuff Pete I sourced that in an assignment a year and a bit ago bloody brilliant article!

[Jan Klimkowski]

For some reason, the UK doesn't seem to be on that list.

According to the data here and here, the UK has around 150 prisoners per 100,000 of the population, which would place it at around number 59 in the rankings.

Around one in ten of the UK prison population is a former serviceman, which means there are more former soldiers in prison than serving in Afghanistan.

Comparing the UK rate of c150 with the US rate of c715, I am sure the private prison companies are licking their lips at the potential for huge expansion and huge profit under a British Tory government.

[Seamus Coogan]

For some reason, the UK doesn't seem to be on that list.

According to the data here and here, the UK has around 150 prisoners per 100,000 of the population, which would place it at around number 59 in the rankings.

Around one in ten of the UK prison population is a former serviceman, which means there are more former soldiers in prison than serving in Afghanistan.

Comparing the UK rate of c150 with the US rate of c715, I am sure the private prison companies are licking their lips at the potential for huge expansion and huge profit under a British Tory government.

What an incredible stat that is about the servicemen and yup I imagine the Tories will be wetting themselves!!!!!!!!!!

[James Lewis]

Oh, Jan, they are, believe me. If they can make enough money, they'll put a prison on every corner if they can get away with it.

For some reason, the UK doesn't seem to be on that list.

According to the data here and here, the UK has around 150 prisoners per 100,000 of the population, which would place it at around number 59 in the rankings.

Around one in ten of the UK prison population is a former serviceman, which means there are more former soldiers in prison than serving in Afghanistan.

Comparing the UK rate of c150 with the US rate of c715, I am sure the private prison companies are licking their lips at the potential for huge expansion and huge profit under a British Tory government.

[Jan Klimkowski]

I've posted the article about former servicemen in British prisons below.

My suspicion is that journalists in other countries have not necessarily attempted such an analysis, so we simply do not know whether the UK is exceptional or typical.

Revealed: the hidden army in UK prisons

More veterans in justice system than soldiers serving in Afghanistan - study

Alan Travis, home affairs editor guardian.co.uk, Thursday 24 September 2009 20.52 BST

The number of former servicemen in prison or on probation or parole is now more than double the total British deployment in Afghanistan, according to a new survey. An estimated 20,000 veterans are in the criminal justice system, with 8,500 behind bars, almost one in 10 of the prison population.

The proportion of those in prison who are veterans has risen by more than 30% in the last five years.

The study by the probation officers' union Napo uncovers the hidden cost of recent conflicts. The snapshot survey of 90 probation case histories of convicted veterans shows a majority with chronic alcohol or drug problems, and nearly half suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder or depression as a result of their wartime experiences on active service.

Those involved had served in Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Iraq and Afghanistan. They are most likely to have been convicted of a violent offence, particularly domestic violence.

The study provides the strongest evidence yet of a direct link between the mental health of those returning from combat zones, chronic alcohol and drug abuse and domestic violence.

In many cases the symptoms of depression or stress did not become apparent for many years and included persistent flashbacks and nightmares.

Professor Tim Robbins, consultant clinical psychologist and former head of traumatic stress services at St George's hospital, London, said: "If we are asking people to do appalling things, to take part in regular firefights and hand-to-hand combat, you get to the stage where it de-sensitises them to violence. It is not just these specific things, but also [for soldiers] there is the constant rising and falling of the level of tension. In combat, they are constantly on edge and after a while they become constantly on edge."

Harry Fletcher, Napo's assistant general secretary, said the high numbers of former soldiers in prison was unacceptable: "There is overwhelming evidence that support is not available of sufficient calibre when soldiers leave the service. The preponderance of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression is also alarming."

Probation staff in 62 offices across England and Wales say the vast majority of former soldiers referred by the courts for criminal justice supervision did not receive adequate support or counselling on leaving the armed forces.

Napo also says their military experience and background is not being routinely identified when they are arrested or convicted in the courts. It wants a specific duty to be placed on criminal justice agencies to refer service personnel for appropriate help and counselling.

Probation officers say the military also urgently needs to provide programmes to tackle chronic alcohol abuse and domestic violence committed by those in their ranks and on discharge.

The probation union's estimate of 20,000 veterans in the criminal justice system breaks down into 12,000 veterans on probation or parole, and a further 8,500 in custody. These figures represent 8.5% of the total UK prison population, and 6% of all those on probation or parole.

The survey on those on probation and parole was carried out this summer and builds on a prison estimate made last year. The Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Defence have so far taken more than a year to complete a basic survey of the number of veterans in prison. At one point the exercise was hindered by claims it contravened the Data Protection Act.

The shadow justice secretary, Dominic Grieve, said it was a disgrace that so many who served their country were in jail.

"No one is above the law, but this government has failed to provide proper support to our troops on return home," he said. "The public will be shocked to find so many soldiers in jail when the government has released thousands of criminals early because of lack of cells."

A Ministry of Justice spokesman insisted they took their duty of care for all offenders very seriously, irrespective of background. "Our first priority is protecting the public. By providing offenders with support and information which will aid their resettlement in the community we reduce the risk they will reoffend."

The spokesman said people entering the criminal justice system were from a range of backgrounds. A variety of issues had contributed to their offending behaviour, which staff worked to address.

The Ministry of Defence acknowledged that a "small minority" of ex-service personnel can face serious difficulties. A spokesperson said: "We provide a wide range of support, before, during and after leaving the services, including the MoD's Prison-in-Reach initiative," which aims to raise awareness among ex-service offenders and their families about the help available to them.

[Peter Lemkin]

There is a fairly high % of former US soldiers in prison, although an equal number are in psychiatric hospitals, have committed suicide, or are just homeless, hopeless, [or trying to get physical/psychological help from the VA - often without effect], and depressed. Many of the mass shootings in the USA are by former servicemen. Many of those that don't kill themselves, as the final ''act" fill the prisons, as do those who stole some food out of hunger......

[Keith Millea]

Veterans account for about 1 in 3 of the homeless population in America.This number has been fairly consistant over the years.I'm wondering if Britain has a homeless population also,as I've never read anything about homeless people there.

[Jan Klimkowski]

Veterans account for about 1 in 3 of the homeless population in America.This number has been fairly consistant over the years.I'm wondering if Britain has a homeless population also,as I've never read anything about homeless people there.

Keith - very similar this side of the Pond. The Falklands veterans association told me about 5 years ago that it was about a third to a quarter of British homeless were former servicemen, although allegedly this number has reduced in recent years.

[Peter Lemkin]

Veterans account for about 1 in 3 of the homeless population in America.This number has been fairly consistant over the years.I'm wondering if Britain has a homeless population also,as I've never read anything about homeless people there.

Something the recruiters leave out of their sales pitch, I'm sure. After putting their lives on the line for their country [right or wrong], they are deserted and left to fend for themselves - many can't even get the necessary medical or psychological care promised. That's gratitude for you. Young men fight the wars and die in them, often living on as injured and/or the half-dead afterwards; rich old men invent the wars, for their profit. :hobbyhorse: