06-08-2009, 02:57 AM
US Patent 6117667 - Method for producing an adapted virus population from an African green monkey kidney cell line
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Application
No. 336740 filed on 06/21/1999 US Classes:
435/235.1, VIRUS OR BACTERIOPHAGE, EXCEPT FOR VIRAL VECTOR OR BACTERIOPHAGE VECTOR; COMPOSITION THEREOF; PREPARATION OR PURIFICATION THEREOF; PRODUCTION OF VIRAL SUBUNITS; MEDIA FOR PROPAGATING435/239Recovery or purificationField of Search
435/235.1, VIRUS OR BACTERIOPHAGE, EXCEPT FOR VIRAL VECTOR OR BACTERIOPHAGE VECTOR; COMPOSITION THEREOF; PREPARATION OR PURIFICATION THEREOF; PRODUCTION OF VIRAL SUBUNITS; MEDIA FOR PROPAGATING435/239Recovery or purificationExaminers
Primary: McKelvey, Terry
Attorney, Agent or Firm
US Patent References
4783407Growth of hepatitus A virus in vero cells
Issued on: 11/08/1988
Inventor: Provost , et al.International Classes
C12N 007/00
C12N 007/02
US Patent Issued on September 12, 2000
Estimated Patent Expiration Date:![[Image: icon_subject.gif]](http://www.patentstorm.us/images/icon_subject.gif)
June 21, 2019Estimated Expiration Date is calculated based on simple USPTO term provisions. It does not account for terminal disclaimers, term adjustments, failure to pay maintenance fees, or other factors which might affect the term of a patent.
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Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
The invention relates to a novel African Green Monkey Kidney (AGMK) cell subtrate that supports the efficient replication of human and animal rotaviruses, astroviruses, enteroviruses including the Sabin live attenuated poliovirus vaccine strains, hepatitis A virus and respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza A and B viruses.
The invention is also useful for the production of virus suspensions suitable for use in vaccines for immunization of humans.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Rotaviruses are major causal agents of acute gastroenteritis in man with a world-wide distribution. Enteroviruses have been implicated in infections of the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory system and in aseptic meningitis. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the parainfluenza viruses and the influenza viruses have been shown to be the major causal agents of serious pediatric diseases such as croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia, while the influenza viruses are the major cause of serious febrile respiratory tract illness in adults. Hepatitis A virus is the cause of hepatitis A, one of the major infectious diseases of the liver.
Rotavirus infections occur world-wide and are responsible for a large proportion of severe, life-threatening, often fatal diarrheal disease. Most rotavirus disease is caused by the four major human rotavirus serotypes but other serotypes are being discovered continuously. The latter are usually restricted in geographic distribution, but they could become a larger problem at any time. World-wide, the human rotaviruses are the major etiologic agents of serious acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children and on occasion can cause debilitating diarrhea in adults. It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that rotaviruses are responsible for one million fatal diarrheal illnesses each year in infants and young children in developing countries.
The most important cause of serious viral respiratory illness in children is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, and adenoviruses are also important in this regard. Especially in the case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), of which there are two major subgroups A and B, immunity does not appear to be long-lasting and re-infections can and do occur with high frequency during infancy, through the pre-school period, and throughout adult life. The parainfluenza viruses, of which there are four major types--1, 2, 3 and 4--have been implicated as important causes of croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. These viruses are second only to RSV as a cause of severe viral respiratory tract disease. In adults, the influenza viruses are a major cause of mortality in older persons with underlying acute or chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease. The serious systemic disease manifestations of influenza virus infections are well known and the frequent antigenic shifts in serotype [A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B] necessitate changes in the composition of the strains included in the yearly vaccine preparations.
The enteroviruses, which are a subgroup of picornaviruses consisting of polioviruses, Coxsackie viruses and echoviruses, have been shown to cause a broad spectrum of illnesses. These illnesses include paralytic disease, encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, pleurodynia, exanthems, and pericarditis with some of the infections resulting in debilitating sequelae. Hepatitis A virus, also a picornavirus, is a major cause of sporadic as well as epidemic hepatitis.
According to convention, semi-continuous cell systems which are diploid and have a finite longevity in terms of the number of passages that can be achieved in the laboratory are designated as cell strains, whereas continuous cell systems that are aneuploid and can be passaged indefinitely in the laboratory (i.e., are immortal) are designated as cell lines. A limiting factor in the development of vaccines for combating the maladies caused by a number of these infectious agents has been the lack of availability of an acceptable cell strain or line capable of supporting the growth of these viruses to a concentration suitable for use in vaccine production. Convenient and susceptible cell strains and/or lines that can be cultured using relatively high split ratios (i.e., the preparation of multiple tissue culture vessels from a single culture) and which can be approved for human use by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are needed to enable and facilitate vaccine development for certain medically important viruses that are uncontrolled currently.
Semi-continuous or continuous cell culture systems capable of supporting the growth of hybrid rotaviruses, hereafter designated human x animal rotavirus reassortants, have included the simian cell strain, FRhL-2, and the simian cell lines, CV-1 and Vero. Live virus vaccines produced in these cells have received CBER, FDA approval for Phase I and II studies. Henceforth, we will refer to these cell strains or lines as certified cell strains or lines to distinguish them from cell strains or lines that have been licensed for production of human vaccines. To date, only two semi-continuous cell culture systems, WI-38 and MRC-5, both human fetal diploid cell strains, have been licensed for use in virus vaccines. These cell strains will be referred to as licensed cell strains. Currently, there are no licensed continuous cell lines.
The above mentioned certified cell strain or lines (FRhL-2, CV-1 and Vero) are limited in their ability to support the growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses, i.e., rotaviruses that derive each of their 11 RNA gene segments from a human rotavirus. In addition, the FRhL-2 cell strain, with a maximum 1:3 split ratio capability, is limited in its ability to support the growth of important RSV. The CV-1 cells, with a maximum 1:4 split ratio capability, have not supported the growth of many viral agents to a level satisfactory for vaccine production. The Vero cells, with a split ratio of 1:6-1:10, are limited in their ability to support the growth of a number of enteroviruses and fail to support the efficient growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses.
Naturally occurring strains of hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus distantly related to the enteroviruses, do not grow well in any cell type during primary isolation and must be adapted to growth in cells of primate origin before the level of virus replication required for vaccine development and production can be achieved. Inactivated whole-virus HAV vaccines grown in fetal human fibroblast MRC-5 cells have been developed, but the low split ratio of 1:2 required by these cells, the low viral titers achieved, and the prolonged cultivation time of up to two weeks necessary for maximum yield of viral antigen make such vaccines expensive. Growth of HAV in simian CV-1, FRhK4 (a fetal rhesus monkey kidney cell line), FRhK-6 (another fetal rhesus monkey kidney cell line) and Vero cells has been variable depending on the strain and passage level of virus, but generally is suboptimal. Best growth has been obtained in a cloned cell line, designated clone 11-1, derived from FRhK4 cells, but these cells contain bovine papilloma virus sequences and thus, are not suitable for vaccine development.
Candidate live attenuated and inactivated HAV vaccines have been developed by adaptation of the virus to growth in primary African green monkey (AGMK) cells but such vaccines are not economically feasible because of the extreme difficulty of obtaining sufficient primary AGMK cells that are free of extraneous viral agents of monkey origin. Live attenuated and inactivated HAV vaccine candidates have been adapted to growth in MRC-5 cells, a human fetal diploid cell strain, but such adaptation has consistently led, respectively, to over-attenuation of the live attenuated virus for humans and a relatively sparse yield of inactivated virus vaccine.
Thus, there remains a need for a cell strain or line capable of supporting the efficient growth of a large number of human viral pathogens such as the human rotaviruses, enteroviruses, HAV, and respiratory viruses of major medical importance including RSV, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses. Such a cell strain or line would facilitate the development and production of commercially useful and effective vaccines. There is a pressing need for the development of vaccines against these viruses in order to prevent severe viral diseases of infants, children, adults and the elderly.
Therefore, the availability of a single cell strain or line capable of supporting the efficient replication of those viral agents responsible for a significant number of childhood and adult diseases would provide a significant advancement in the formulation and production of multivalent vaccines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a cell substrate that substantially overcomes the limitations of previously established cell strains or lines. The serially passaged cells of the present invention are derived from the paired kidneys of an African green monkey and support the efficient growth of medically important human rotaviruses, astroviruses, picornaviruses such as enteroviruses including the Sabin live attenuated poliovirus vaccine strains and hepatitis A virus, and respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza A and B viruses.
The AGMK cells of the invention are designated as a cell substrate because it is not clear at this time whether they constitute a cell strain or cell line. It is probable that they are a cell line because they are aneuploid, an essential and defining property of cell lines. However, the AGMK cells have been passaged serially only 30 times and assignment of cell immortality, one of the other defining features of a cell line, requires more than 50 serial passages.
At the 30th passage there was no diminution of viability, or ability to grow nor was there any other outward sign of senescence. Furthermore, the AGMK cells have been split 1:4 or 1:8 at each of these passages, a split ratio that is characteristic of cell lines but not cell strains which usually can not be split more than 1:2.
An important advantage of the present invention is that the cell substrate, based on currently promulgated guidelines (i.e., "Points to Consider in the Characterization of Cell Lines Used to Produce Biologicals" (May 1993)) and state-of-the-art testing, has been demonstrated to be free of detectable adventitious microbial agents. This feature allows the cell substrate to be employed for the growth of viruses, such as the human rotaviruses and hepatitis A virus, which have a very highly restricted and narrow tissue culture host range. The unavailability of such a clean cell system prior to this invention has hampered vaccine development for these viruses. In addition, the cell substrate can be used in studies which require cultures of monkey kidney cells free of simian adventitious agents. The commercially available monkey kidney cell cultures are frequently contaminated with these agents, which negate or becloud any results obtained and preclude their use in vaccines destined for administration to humans. This invention also offers the advantage of a cell substrate which can be trypsinized and split in ratios ranging from 1:4 to 1:8 depending upon vessel size and time constraints imposed by vaccine production deadlines.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention to be realized and attained will be cited in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described, the invention provides a cell line derived from the paired kidneys of an African green monkey, which is free of demonstrable adventitious microbial agents. The invention also provides a method for establishing the cell line by the enzymatic disaggregation of the paired kidneys from an African green monkey and continuous cultivation of the resulting cells. In addition, the invention provides a method for recovering and serially propagating specific viruses in the cell line that subsequently can be used for production of a viral vaccine.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 outlines the passage history from a single ampoule of a disassociated African Green Monkey Kidney sample to the preparation of a Master Seed Cell Bank (MSCB) and a Master Working Cell Bank (MWCB).
FIG. 2 outlines the passage history from single ampoule from the MWCB to post-production history.
FIG. 3 depicts the results of a radioimmunofocus assay of HAV/7 as a fraction of time for plaque formation for 11-1 cell (FRhK-derived cell line) and for AGMK cells.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a cell line derived from a pair of African green monkey kidneys. The cell line is free of demonstrable viable adventitious microbial agents. In addition, the cell line is capable of supporting the growth of viruses such as human rotaviruses, astroviruses, enteroviruses, respiratory viruses and hepatitis A and is, therefore, useful for propagating viruses necessary for the production and formulation of a number of effective vaccines on a scale that makes such vaccines commercially feasible.
Specifically, the present invention relates to an aneuploid cell substrate with chromosome counts in the diploid range which was initiated by the enzymatic disaggregation of paired kidneys from a female Cercopithecus African green monkey. A deposit of the cell line at passage No. 13, Lot 6500 has been made with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA, on Nov. 4th, 1994 and has been assigned accession No. ATCC# CRL 11756.
This cell line was deposited according to the Budapest Treaty. If the deposited culture should die or otherwise become lost or destroyed, this cell line will be replaced with a living culture containing this cell line. This cell line will be maintained for a period of at least 30 years after the date of deposit, and for a period of at least 5 years after the most recent request for a sample. This cell line will be made available if a Patent Office signatory to the Budapest Treaty certifies one's right to receive, or if a U.S. Patent is issued to this application or any other applications claiming benefit of priority to this application.
The present invention also provides a method of establishing a cell substrate capable of at least 30 serial passages that is initially derived by the enzymatic disaggregatior of kidneys from an African green monkey. In addition, the invention provides a method for recovery and growth of specific viruses, a necessary first step for subsequent vaccine production.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the cell substrate of the present invention and in its uses without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Having now described the invention in general terms, it will be better understood by reference to certain examples which are included herein for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE 1
Derivation of the AGMK Cell Substrate
Source: The cell substrate was derived from the kidneys of an African green monkey from a colony that had been established on Barbados. The cells are free of any demonstrable viable adventitious microbial agents. The microbial agents include, but are not limited to bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and simian agents such as retroviruses, foamy viruses, hemadsorbing viruses, herpes-like viruses and multi-nucleating or syncytial viruses. The kidneys were processed using conventional enzymatic disaggregation technology. The resulting kidney cell suspension was used to initiate 3 primary flask [T150 cm2 ] cultures with the remainder, designated as Freeze #2129, distributed into multiple ampules and frozen for storage in a liquid nitrogen freezer. The primary flask cultures labelled A, B and C, were processed as follows:
Flask A: On day 14 split 1:2=1-A-1 & 1-A-2 with one of these flasks split on day 28 1:2=2-A-1 & 2-A-2
Flask B: On day 21 split 1:2=1-B-1 & 1-B-2 with one of these flasks split on day 35 1:2=2-B-1 & 2-B-2
Flask C: Not split
The maintenance medium consisted of Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM) +5% fetal bovine serum (heat inactivated at 56° C. for 30 min.) +1% glutamine (200 mM). All flask cultures were refed with 100 ml of fresh maintenance medium on a weekly basis for a total incubation period of 9 weeks based on the initial planting date. The cultures were negative for hemadsorption and CPE (cytopathic effect), the latter determined by microscopic examination after fixation and staining.
The passage history from a single ampule to the preparation of the Master Seed Cell Bank (MSCB) and the Master Working Cell Bank (MWCB) is depicted in FIG. 1. Cultures were handled in a Class 100 Laminar Flow Hood and in an area where only normal tissue cultures and/or vaccine-designated cell systems were cultured. Cultures were serially passaged employing a 1:4 to 1:6 split ratio with incubation at 36° C.±1° C. and utilizing the following methodology:
1. Cell films were washed with Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without Ca++ and Mg++.
2. Films were disaggregated by the addition of a trypsin-EDTA solution and incubation at 36° C.+1° C. for 4-5 minutes.
3. Films were broken up by rapid pipetting with the cells suspended in the growth medium [EMEM+10% fetal bovine serum+1% glutamine] and seeded into appropriate size culture vessels.
The passage history from single ampules from the MWCB to the post-production testing is outlined in FIG. 2.
EXAMPLE 2
Testing of the Master Working Cell Bank--Passage 7A, Lot #4214
1. KARYOTYPING AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION
Passage 7A, Lot #4214 was characterized by Giemsa banded chromosome analysis and reaction with species-specific antisera and isoenzyme analysis.
a. Cytogenic Characterization
Conventional chromosome staining (non-banded) was utilized to determine chromosome count ploidy distribution per 100 metaphases. Identifiable markers and aberrations were analyzed for 50 metaphases.
Chromosome banding by trypsin-Giemsa was utilized to analyze the karyotype and identify specific chromosome markers. Species confirmation was made using G-banding patterns and chromosome morphology. The procedures used were modifications of those described by Peterson, W. D., Jr., Simpson, W. F., and Hukku, B., Cell culture characteristics: Monitoring for cell identification, in Jakoby, W. B. and Pastan, I. H., eds., Methods in Enzymology 58:164-178, 1979; and Seabright, M., A rapid banding technique for human chromosomes, Lancet, ii:971-972, 1971.
The cell line was identified as an aneuploid female Cercopithecus (African green) monkey (XX) with chromosome counts in the diploid range. Most of the chromosomes were normal and present in two copies each. Normal chromosome D was monosomic and a single marker D chromosome was observed.
b. Species Identification of Cell Culture
The ability of the test cell preparation to react with species-specific antisera was determined using the fluorescent antibody technique as described by Peterson et al., supra. The cells reacted with monkey antiserum but not with mouse or hamster antiserum.
c. Isoenzyme Analysis
Enzyme preparations were made from the test article cells. The electrophoretic migration distances of the enzymes were compared with known migration distances of enzymes in various mammalian species as described by Halton, D. M., Peterson, W. D., Jr., and Hukku, B. Cell culture quality control by rapid isoenzymatic characterization, In Vitro 19:16-24, 1983; Ottenbreit, M. J., Halton, D. M., and Peterson, W. D., Jr., Rapid isoenzyme analysis of cell cultures by agarose electrophoresis, I. Interspecies identification, J. Tissue Culture Methods, 6:107-110, 1982; and II. Intraspecies identification of human cell lines, J. Tissue Culture Methods, 8:125-130, 1986.
The electrophoretic mobilities of enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), nucleoside phosphorylase NP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) present in an extract prepared from the test cells were comparable to those of a Cercopithecus (African green) monkey control cell preparation. No extra bands were observed on the electrophoresis films that might suggest the presence of cells of a species other than that of the cell culture.
Cells other than those of the submitted culture (MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot# 4214) were not detected in the culture by either isoenzyme analysis or by cytogenic evaluation.
2. DETECTION OF RETROVIRUSES
a. Detection of Retrovirus Particles by Electron Microscopic Examination
A cell pellet of the test article cells (MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot# 4214) was prepared and examined for the presence of virus particles by transmission electron microscopy. No retrovirus-like particles were found in the 200 cells observed.
b. Detection of Retrovirus Reverse Transcriptase in the Presence of DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase
The test article (MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot# 4214) was analyzed for the presence of types B, C and D retrovirus reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerase activity. No evidence for the presence of retrovirus reverse transcriptase was observed.
The results are presented in Table I-A, B and C.
TABLE I-A ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in Test Article AGMK MWCB Cell Cultures: p7A, L-4214 Adjusted Reverse Transcrip- Reverse DNA tasea Transcriptaseb Polymeraseb (rAdT) (rAdT) (dAdT) Sample Mn++ Mn++ Mn++ Mn++ Mn++ ______________________________________ Test Article Undiluted 22 25 0 7 0 Diluted 2-fold 6 8 0 19 1 in mediumc Diluted 2-fold 20,837 433 10 0 in R-MuLVd Diluted 2-fold in 795 6 7,137 508 DNA polymerasee Positive and Neg- ative Controlsf R-MuLV diluted 18,589 549 12 0 2-fold in mediumg DNA Polymerase 1,079 25 5,443 542 diluted 2-fold in mediumg SMRVh 2,585 48,289 211 396 Stabilization (63) (59) (67) .sup. (58) Bufferi Mediumc (65) (57) (65) .sup. (52) Mediumg (78) (56) (62) .sup. (49) ______________________________________ a Reverse transcriptase activity adjusted for the effect of DNA polymerase (Table 2 and Methods). b Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). c EMEM + 10% serum subtracted from test article samples. d RMuLV (Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus) Type C virus positive control. e DNA polymerase Positive control; prepared from mink lung cells. f Control monitoring background of incorporation of 3Hthymidine triphosphate (reaction mixture with undiluted test article minus template primers) = 61 cpm (medium background not subtracted). g EMEM + 10% serum subtracted from RMeLV and DNA polymerase positive controls. h SMRV (Squirrel Monkey Retrovirus Preparation) Type D virus positive control. i Stabilization buffer used to dilute SMRV positive control.
TABLE I-B ______________________________________ Adjustment of Reverse Transcriptase Values for Interference by Polymerase in Test Article AGMK MWCB Cell Cultures: p7A, L-4214 DNA Polymerase Assay (CPM) RT Assay (CPM) DNA Observeda Adjustedb Observed Polymerase Test Article (Mn++) (Mn++) (Mn++) × Slope ______________________________________ Undiluted 25 22 37 3 Diluted 2-fold 8 6 19 2 in mediumc ______________________________________ a Unadjusted 3 HTTP incorporation catalyzed by RT. May include effects by cellular DNA polymerase. b Adjusted 3 HTTP incorporation catalyzed by RT = Observed RT (DNA polymerase × Slope). Slope = 0.08. c Medium used to dilute test article.
TABLE I-C ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in a DNA Polymerase Preparation from Reverse Transcriptase-Negative Cell Cultures (Used for Determinig Interference in Reverse Transcriptase Assay by DNA Polymerase) Reverse Transcriptaseb DNA Polymeraseb (rAdT) (dAdT) DNA Polymerasea Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ Sample 1 116 10 1,898 198 Sample 2 187 0 2,634 0 Sample 3 547 6 6,690 119 Sample 4 574 3 8,529 81 Sample 5 1,196 27 14,315 1,222 ______________________________________ a DNA polymerase prepared from mink lung cells. b Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated [mean duplicates minus background (medium)].
EXAMPLE 3
Post-Production Cell Testing
1. Karyotyping and Species Identification
The AGMK cells at Passage 17A, Lot #4706 were characterized by Giemsa banded chromosome analysis and reaction with species-specific antisera and isoenzyme analysis.
The cells were identified as aneuploid female Cercopithecus (African green) monkey (XX, XXX) with chromosome counts in the hypodiploid to hyperdiploid range. All karyotypes examined contained a single normal Cercopithecus monkey marker chromosome (Group D) and a second partially deleted Cercopithecus monkey D group marker chromosome.
The electrophoretic mobilities of the enzymes G6PD, NP, MDH and LDH present in an extract prepared from the test cells were comparable to those of Cercopithecus (African green) monkey control cell preparation. No extra bands were observed on the electrophoresis films that might suggest the presence of cells of a different species in the cell culture. The cells reacted with monkey antiserum but not with mouse antiserum.
Cells other than those of the submitted culture (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) were not detected in the culture by either antisera reaction, isoenzyme analysis or by cytogenic evaluation. The chromosome pattern was similar to that previously observed for cells in the MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot #4214 and specifically related these cells (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) to the former.
2. Detection of Retroviruses
a. The Test Article, AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706
Was analyzed for the presence of types B, C and D retrovirus reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerase activity. The cells were grown in the presence of 30 μg/ml bromodeoxyuridine for 24 hours (day 0 to day 1) and then refed with medium without inducer. Culture fluids (unconcentrated and concentrated 20-fold) were harvested on days 2, 3 and 4. No evidence for the presence of retrovirus reverse transcriptase activity was observed in the test article. The results are presented in Table II-A, B and C.
b. Detection of Retrovirus Particles by Electron Microscopic Examination
Cell pellets were prepared from the treated and untreated cultures harvested on day 4 and examined for the presence of virus particles by transmission electron microscopy. No retrovirus-like particles were found in the 200 cells observed.
c. Detection of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus (STLV) in Test Article (AGMK, Passage 17A, Lot #4743) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides a method for detection of extremely low numbers of viral nucleic acid sequences, which would not be detectable without amplification. When coupled with a pre-PCR reverse transcriptase step, RNA sequences may be amplified, thus allowing detection of free virus. The protocol used allowed for the amplification of either DNA or RNA derived STLV-specific sequences. The PCR products were tested by Southern blotting, using chemiluminescent enzyme-linked probe hybridization to the blot.
When tested with the STLV pol primers SK110/SK111, STLV-specific product was not detected in test article reactions, each of which represented 1.0 μg nucleic acid extracted from the test article. In the positive control series, which contained the equivalent of 0.001 μg, 0.01 μg, 0.1 μg or 1 μg of nucleic acid extracted from a cell line infected by STLV (STLVmn103), STLV-specific product was detected in all reactions. On the basis of failure to detect reactivity with STLV primers, the test article was judged to be negative for STLV nucleic acid sequences.
d. Detection of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Test Article (AGMK, Passage 18A, Lot #5506)
Total cellular DNA was extracted from the test article and subsequently tested for the presence of SIVagm virus sequences using primers that amplify a 200 bp fragment of the LTR. This involved PCR with nested sets of primers as follows:
Outer set #1807 F: CCTCAGAGCTGCATAAAAGCAGAT (SEQ ID NO:1) - #1808 R: TCACTCAAGTCCCTGTTCGGGCGC (SEQ ID NO:2) - Inner set #1809 F: TACTAGGAGACCAGCTTGAGCCTG (SEQ ID NO:3) - #1810 R: TGCTGGAGTTTCTCTCGCCTGGGT (SEQ ID NO:4)
These primers were designed for the conserved U5 and R regions of the LTR and are capable of amplifying all subtypes of SIVagm. The predicted 200 bp fragment was amplified from DNA extracted from a chronically-SIVagm infected cell line (SIVagm 155CEMss) but the African green monkey cells did not have detectable SIVagm sequences by Southern blot analysis.
3. Tumorigenicity in Athymic Nude Mice
The cells were found to be non-tumorigenic after being clinically evaluated for 150 days. Athymic nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with approximately 1×107 test article cells (AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4889). Athymic nude mice were similarly inoculated with positive control cells. All 10 positive control inoculated mice had tumors at the site of inoculation. No metastases were observed in the inoculation site (skin), lung, lymph nodes, liver, kidney, spleen or brain of mice inoculated with the test article.
TABLE II-A ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in Unconcentrated AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706 Reverse Trans- DNA Poly- criptasea merasea Sample (rAdT) (dAdT) Test Article Cellsb Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ DAY 2 Untreated 0 0 227 0 Treated 29 0 485 85 3 Untreated 0 0 265 6 Treated 0 0 243 0 4 Untreated 35 0 711 29 Treated 48 0 723 26 ______________________________________ a Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). b Culture fluids from test article cells.
TABLE II-B ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706 Concentrated 20-fold Reverse Trans- DNA Poly- criptasea merasea Sample (rAdT) (dAdT) Test Article Cellsb Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ DAY 2 Untreated 9 0 18 87 Treated 0 0 15 104 3 Untreated 6 0 32 125 Treated 9 3 19 136 4 Untreated 22 3 14 114 Treated 122 2 2,423 516 ______________________________________ a Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). b Culture fluids from test article cells.
TABLE II-C ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706 Sample Reverse Transcriptasea DNA Polymerasea Positive and Negative (rAdT) (dAdT) Controls Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ R-MuLVc 65,913 2,230 0 16 SMRVd 12,031 133,798 1,274 2,825 DNA Polymerasee 7,015 57 60,197 6,646 Mediumf (163) (74) (242) (107) Stabilization Bufferg (53) (59) (46) (44) Mediumh (146) (136) (321) (148) ______________________________________ a Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). b Culture fluids from test article cells. c RMuLV (Rauscher murine leukemia virus) Type C virus positive control. d SMRV (Squirrel Monkey Retrovirus Preparation) Type D virus positive control. e DNA polymerase Positive control; prepared from mink lung cells. f Medium Subtracted from unconcentrated, untreated and treated samples. g Stabilization buffer Negative control; subtracted from positive controls and concentrated samples. h Medium Subtracted from RMulV and DNA polymerase positive controls
EXAMPLE 4
Post-Production Testing for Microbial Sterility
1. Bacterial Sterility in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium
Each of 10 culture tubes (9-10 ml medium per tube) was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approx. 5×105 cells per ml. Each of 5 tubes was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the original growth medium. Ten cultures were included as uninoculated controls. All cultures were vortex mixed and incubated at 32° C.±2° C. for 21 days with observations made on days 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 21. No growth was observed in any of the 25 cultures.
2. Fungal Sterility in Soybean Casein Digest Medium
Each of 10 culture tubes (9-10 ml medium per tube) was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approx. 5×105 cells per ml. Each of 5 tubes was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the original growth medium. Ten cultures were included as uninoculated controls. All cultures were vortex mixed and incubated at 22° C.±2° C. for 21 days with observations made on days 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 21. No growth was observed in any of the 25 cultures.
3. Mycobacterial Sterility in Lowenstein-Jensen Egg Medium
Each of 10 slant culture tubes was inoculated with 0.5 ml of the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approx. 5×105 cells per ml. Each of 10 culture slants was inoculated with 0.5 ml of the original growth medium. Six cultures were included as uninoculated controls. All cultures were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. horizontally for the first 24 hours and vertically for the remainder of the 8 week observation period with weekly observations for growth. On day 28, one cell suspension inoculated culture was found contaminated with a mold. No growth was observed in any of the remaining 25 cultures after 8 weeks.
This assay was repeated with AGMK Passage 18A, Lot #4918, but using 6 culture slants inoculated with the original growth medium. No growth was observed in any of the 22 cultures after 8 weeks. The results of the above Microbial Sterility Assays are summarized in Table III.
4. Mycoplasma Sterility
The assay for mycoplasma was performed using both the direct Broth Enrichment and Agar Procedures and the indirect Indicator Cell Culture Procedure with the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approximately 5×105 cells per ml. The cell suspension was found to be negative for mycoplasmas by all procedures.
TABLE III __________________________________________________________________________ Microbial Sterility Test Results on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, Lot #4706 and #4918 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Vol. Per. Culture Date Culture Medium No. (ml) Temp. On Test Off Test Results __________________________________________________________________________ Fluid Thioglycollate (FIM) LOT VVPL #122-50 10 -- 32° C. 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4706 10 1.0 (±2.degr ee. C.) | | No Growth Culture Medium 5 1.0 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Soybean-Casein-Digest (SCDM) LOT VVPL #112-51 10 -- 22° C. 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4706 10 1.0 (±2.degr ee. C.) | | No Growth Culture Medium 5 1.0 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Lowenstein-Jensen Egg Medium - LOT #C3CPPB 6 -- 36° C. 1/05/93 3/02/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4706 10 0.5 (±1.degr ee. C.) | | 1/10 mold | | on day 28 Culture Medium 10 0.5 1/05/93 3/02/93 No Growth Lowenstein-Jensen Egg Medium - LOT #H3CTGX 6 -- 36° C. 2/23/93 4/20/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4918 10 0.5 (±1.degr ee. C.) | | No Growth Culture Medium 6 0.5 2/23/93 4/20/93 No Growth __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
In Vitro Tissue Culture Purity and Safety Tests for the Detection of Viable Adventitious Microbial Agents
These assays were performed in roller tube cultures of the following tissue culture systems: Serially passaged African green monkey kidney (AGMK); Primary Human Amnion (PHA); Vero; Primary Rabbit Kidney (PRK); Whole Human Embryo Fibroblast (Fl 5000); and Human Carcinoma of the Larynx (H.Ep-2). Cultures were maintained on Medium EMEM containing 2-10% fetal bovine serum (gamma irradiated) plus antibiotics: gentamicin, 100 μg/ml; neomycin, 50 μg/ml; and fungizone, 2.5 μg/ml. Cultures were refed with 2 ml of maintenance medium prior to inoculation.
Testing Procedures
The cell suspensions (Lots #4742/3, #4755 or #4889 containing approximately 5×105 cells per ml) were inoculated in 0.5 ml amount per each of 28 roller tubes per tissue culture system. Cultures were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 14 days with periodic microscopic examination for any cytopathic effect (CPE) and/or cellular degeneration. When necessary to maintain the integrity of the cell films, cultures were refed with 2 ml of fresh maintenance medium. Additional groups of 28 roller tubes per tissue culture system were included as uninoculated controls.
On the 7th-8th day of incubation, 6-9 tubes from each series (inoculated and controls) were removed and tested for hemadsorption with 3 red blood cell (RBC) suspensions (guinea pig at 0.1%, chicken at 0.075%, or human at 0.1% in PBS, pH 7.2). Films were rinsed once in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to the addition of 1 ml of the RBC suspension employing 2-3 tubes per RBC. Initially, tubes were incubated at 2°-8° C. for a minimum of 30 minutes and examined microscopically for any signs of hemadsorption. Following manual shaking, tubes were incubated at 35°-37° C. for a minimum of 30 minutes and re-examined microscopically for hemadsorption. All cultures were inactive for hemadsorption with all 3 suspensions and at both temperatures. On day 14, after final microscopic examination, the cultures were divided, depending on the specific tissue culture system for final testing. AGMK, PHA and Fl5000 Tube Cultures were divided as follows:
1. 9 tubes from each series were tested for hemadsorption with the 3RBC suspensions as described above for day 7-8;
2. 4 tubes from each series were fixed and stained with a solution of 5% glutaraldehyde +0.025% crystal violet and, after drying, examined microscopically for any signs of CPE;
3. 8 tubes from each series were challenged with Coxsackie A-9 virus (0.1 ml for each of 2 tubes using a 10-2, 10-3, 10-4 or 10-5 dilution) for the detection of non-CPE producing agents and/or latent agents via the interference phenomenon; and
4. One (1) tube of each series was included as an uninoculated control for the challenge virus.
Vero, PRK and H.Ep-2 Tube Cultures were divided as follows:
1. 12 tubes from each series were tested for hemadsorption with the 3 RBC suspensions as described above for day 7-8;
2. 7 tubes from each series were fixed and stained with a solution of 5% glutaraldehyde +0.025% crystal violet and, after drying, examined microscopically for any signs of CPE.
No challenge studies were carried out with the Coxsackie A-9 virus as this agent does not produce any discernible CPE in these cell systems. The results of these in vitro tissue culture purity and safety assays are summarized in Tables IV-A to F.
TABLE IV-A ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4742/3 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml African Green Monkey Kidney Cells - Passage 12, LOT #4793) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 Giemsa Stain 0/4 0/4 Coxsackie A-9 Virus Challenge* at 10-3 2/2 2/2 10-4 2/2 2/2 10-5 2/2 2/2 10-6 2/2 2/2 Unchallenged Controls 0/1 0/1 ______________________________________ *Coxsackie A9 Challenge results based on a 5day incubation at 36° C. Prior to challenge, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-B ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4742/3 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Primary Human Amnion - (PHA) - (LOT #4720) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 Giemsa Stain 0/4 0/4 Coxsackie A-9 Virus Challenge* at 10-3 2/2 2/2 10-4 2/2 2/2 10-5 2/2 2/2 10-6 2/2 2/2 Unchallenged Controls 0/1 0/1 ______________________________________ *Coxsackie A9 Challenge results based on a 5day incubation at 36° C. Prior to challenge, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-C ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4755 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Vero Cells - (Passage 143, LOT #4813) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 00.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 Giemsa Stain 0/7 0/7 ______________________________________
TABLE IV-D ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4889 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Rabbit Kidney Cells - (Primary, LOT #4814) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results* AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 Giemsa Stain 0/7 0/7 ______________________________________ *On day 8, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-E ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4889 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Whole Human Embryo Fibroblast Cells - (FL 5000) - (Passage 22, LOT #4842) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Giemsa Stain 0/4 0/4 Coxsackie A-9 Virus Challenge* at 10-3 2/2 2/2 10-4 2/2 2/2 10-5 2/2 2/2 10-6 1/2 1/2 Unchallenged Controls 0/1 0/1 ______________________________________ *Coxsackie A9 Challenge results based on a 4day incubation at 36° C. Prior to challenge, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-F ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4755 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Human Carcinoma of the Larynx - H.Ep-2 - (Passage 397, LOT #4808) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 Giemsa Stain 0/7 0/7 ______________________________________ *On day 10, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
EXAMPLE 6
In Vivo Tests for the Detection of Viable Adventitious Microbial Agents
The following tests were performed employing cell suspensions derived from Passage 17A-(Lots #4706, #4742, #4755 and #4788). These assays were performed with inocula consisting of approximately 1×107 cells per ml suspended in the culture medium in which they were grown.
1. Tests in Animals
a. Suckling Mouse Assay
A total of 10 newborn CD-1 mice randomized from different litters (10 per mother, less than 24 hours old) were inoculated intracerebrally (I.Cer.) with 0.01 ml and intraperitoneally (I.P.) with 0.1 ml of the cell suspension from Lot #4706. An additional randomized group of 10 sucklings was inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. A randomized group of 10 sucklings was included as uninoculated controls. All sucklings were observed daily for 14 days for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress. On day 2, one (1) suckling from each of the inoculated groups was found missing and presumed cannibalized. There were no other deaths and none of the sucklings exhibited any signs of illness or distress over this initial 14 day observation period.
On the 14th day, single pools were prepared of the emulsified tissue (minus skin and viscera) of the following groups: (a) AGMK inoculated pups (n=9); (b) culture fluid inoculated pups (n=9); and © uninoculated controls (n=10). A blind.passage into newborn CD-1 mice was made of each pool via the I.Cer. and I.P. routes: each pool into 10 newborns from mixed litters. An additional litter of 10 sucklings was included as uninoculated controls for this blind passage. All sucklings were observed daily for 14 days for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress. There were no deaths recorded for the AGMK or culture medium inoculated pups or for the uninoculated control group; however, on day 3, 4 sucklings were missing and presumed cannibalized in © the passaged control group. None of the sucklings exhibited any signs of illness or distress over this final 14 day observation period.
Because none of the AGMK cell suspension or culture medium inoculated sucklings exhibited any signs of a transmissible agent or of Coxsackie virus infection or of any viral infection, and because >90% of these inoculated sucklings (19 of 20) remained healthy and survived the entire observation period, this assay in suckling mice was considered satisfactory.
b. Adult Mouse Assay
Each of 20 adult CD-1 mice (VAF, 15-20 grams each) was inoculated I.Cer. and I.P. with 0.03 ml and 0.5 ml, respectively, with the cell suspension Lot #4788. An additional 5 mice were inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. Four mice were included as uninoculated controls. Mice were observed daily for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress over a 21 day period. There were no deaths recorded and all mice survived the entire 21 day observation period with no evidence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection or any other viral infection. This test in adult mice was considered satisfactory.
c. Adult Guinea Pig Assay
Each of 5 Hartley strain guinea pigs (VAF, 350-450 grams each] was inoculated I.Cer. and I.P. with 0.1 ml and 5.0 ml, respectively, with the cell suspension Lot #4755. An additional guinea pig was inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. One (1) guinea pig was included as an uninoculated control. All were observed daily for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress over a 6 week period; none were recorded. Commencing on day 21, daily rectal temperatures were taken with a digital thermometer and recorded (at approximately 0900 hours) for all guinea pigs until time of sacrifice. The average temperatures (° C.) for the AGMK inoculated guinea pigs were: 39.26, 39.30, 39.40, 39.46 and 39.53; for the medium inoculated guinea pig: 39.32; and for the control: 39.37. There were no significant temperature rises indicative of either bacterial or viral infection. All guinea pigs appeared healthy and survived the entire 42-day observation period at which time they were necropsied following euthanasia with Halothane and exsanguination. Inspection of the abdominal and thoracic cavities by the consulting veterinarian did not identify gross lesions or pathological changes. This assay in adult guinea pigs was considered satisfactory.
d. Adult Rabbit Assay
Each of 5 New Zealand white rabbits (1500-2500 gm each) was inoculated intradermally (I.D.) with 0.1 ml per each of 10 sites and subcutaneously (S.Q.) with 9.0 ml of the AGMK cell suspension Lot #4788. One (1) rabbit was similarly inoculated with the original culture medium. One (1) rabbit was included as an uninoculated control. Animals were observed daily for 28 days for deaths, illness, distress and/or lesions at the sites of inoculation. No deaths were recorded and all rabbits remained healthy without exhibiting any signs of illness or distress or lesions at the sites of inoculation. This test in adult rabbits was considered satisfactory. The results of these in vivo animal safety tests are summarized in Table V-A and B.
2. Tests in Embryonated Eggs
For these studies, specific pathogen-free embryonated eggs were obtained from SPAFAS, Inc., Reinholds, Pa. These eggs came from Flock L061-E.
a. Allantoic Inoculation
Each of ten 10-day old embryonated eggs was inoculated via the allantoic route with 0.5 ml of the AGMK suspension Lot #4706. An additional 5 eggs were inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. Five (5) eggs were included as uninoculated controls. Eggs were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 72 hours and then candled for deaths (1 of 5 medium inoculated) and chilled overnight at 2°-8° C. Allantoic fluids were harvested individually, incubated in a 37° C. water bath for 60 minutes to elute any adsorbed agent(s), and then clarified by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes at 20° C. Pools were prepared for each of the 3 sets of eggs employing equal volumes from each individual harvest. The pools were assayed for hemagglutination both undiluted and at a 1:10 dilution with incubation at 2°-8° C. and at room temperature (15°-30° C.) using the following erythrocytes in PBS at (pH 7.2): guinea pig at 0.6%; chick at 0.4%; and human at 0.6%. All fluids were negative for hemagglutination at both dilutions and at both temperatures with all 3 RBC suspensions.
The sample pools were subpassaged in 0.5 ml amounts into 10-day old embryonated eggs via the allantoic route as follows: the pool from the AGMK cell suspension into 10 eggs; the pool from the medium into 5 eggs; and the pool from the uninoculated eggs into 5 eggs. An additional 5 eggs were included as uninoculated controls. Eggs were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 72 hours and then candled for deaths (none recorded) and chilled overnight at 2°-8° C. Allantoic fluids were harvested, handled and tested as described above. All 4 pools were negative for hemagglutination at both dilutions and at both temperatures with all 3 RBC suspensions.
There were no deaths recorded for any of the eggs inoculated with the AGMK cell suspension. Since none of the harvest fluids exhibited any hemagglutination when tested against guinea pig, chick or human RBC, this aspect of the embryonated egg study was considered satisfactory.
b. Yolk Sac Inoculation
Each of ten 6-day old embryonated eggs was inoculated into the yolk sac with 0.5 ml of the AGMK cell suspension Lot #4742. Five (5) eggs were similarly inoculated with the original culture medium and 5 eggs were included as uninoculated controls. Eggs were incubated at 36° C. [±1° C.] for 9 days with periodic candling for deaths. Of the medium-inoculated eggs, 2 were found dead (1 each on days 2 & 5); and, of the AGMK-inoculated eggs, 2 were inadvertently broken. No other deaths or losses were recorded. Each group of yolk sacs (AGMK group=8; medium group=3; controls=5) was harvested, pooled, washed in PBS, emulsified by grinding and clarified by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 20 minutes at 20° C.
The 3 clarified suspensions were subpassaged via the same route into fresh 6-day old embryonated eggs as follows: AGMK group into 10 eggs; medium group into 5 eggs; control group into 5 eggs. An additional 5 eggs were included as uninoculated controls. All eggs were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 9 days with periodic candling for deaths. On day 7, 3 eggs were found dead; 2 from the AGMK group and 1 from the medium group. There were no other deaths recorded.
This aspect of the embryonated egg study was considered satisfactory, because there was a greater than 80% overall survival (16 of 18) of embryonated eggs (primary and subpassage) inoculated with the AGMK cell suspension and viability of the egg was confirmed.
EXAMPLE 7
Use of the Characterized AGMK Cell Substrate for: (1) Isolation and Growth of Human Rotaviruses: and (2) Production of Live Vaccines Containing Such Viruses
The AGMK cells are the only characterized cells tested to date that are suitable for vaccine purposes and support the efficient growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses, i.e., rotaviruses that derive each of their 11 gene segments from a human rotavirus. This is particularly important because a number of candidate homologous human rotavirus vaccine strains are now under development, including those shown in Table V.
As seen in Table V, two candidate human vaccine rotaviruses of G serotype 1 or G serotype 3 recovered from newborn infants were observed to grow to moderately high or high titer in AGMK cells, whereas, each of these neonatal rotavirus strains was markedly restricted in its capacity to grow in two types of cells certified for vaccine production, i.e., FRhL2 or Vero cells. In addition, one of these neonatal rotavirus strains was also markedly restricted in replicative capacity in human fetal fibroblast cell strain MRC-5 which is licensed for vaccine production.
Similar observations were made with two cold-adapted (ca) mutants of human rotavirus of G serotype 1 or G serotype 2 that are also promising candidate live virus vaccine strains. Both human rotavirus mutants grew efficiently in AGMK cells but were significantly or markedly restricted in their growth in certified cells FRhL2 and Vero.
A. Isolation and Serial Passage of Neonatal Human Rotavirus Strains
Initially, the toxicity of each new preparation of purified trypsin is determined for the AGMK cells to be tested. A known positive stool extract is pre-treated with antibiotics (200 μg/ml gentamicin; 100 μg/ml neomycin; and 5 μg/ml fungizone) for 60 minutes at room temperature. Equal volumes of stool extract and trypsin at pre-determined concentration, e.g., 10 μg/ml, are mixed and allowed to incubate at 37° C. in a water bath for 30 minutes. In the interim, the cultures to be inoculated are washed three times with appropriate volumes (e.g., 3 ml for roller tubes, 10 ml for T25 flasks, 30 ml for T75 flasks and 100 ml T175 flasks) of serum-free medium to dilute the serum that had been in the growth medium in order to prevent components of serum from inactivating trypsin activity.
Roller tube cultures are inoculated with a 0.5 ml volume of the stool/trypsin mixture which is allowed to adsorb at 36° C.±1° C. for 60 minutes while rotating on a roller drum apparatus. Cultures are washed once and fed with 3 ml volumes of (EMEM) containing 1% of 10× SPG (sucrose, 2.18M; KH2 PO4, 0.038M; K2 HPO4, 0.072M; and mono-sodium glutamate, 0.054M) and 1 μg/ml trypsin. Cell cultures in which trypsin is omitted are also included to control for the effect of trypsin. Incubation is at 36° C.±1° C.
Cultures are examined microscopically on a daily basis and cultures are harvested when cytopathic effect (CPE) that involves 75 to 100% of the cells is evident. Virus and control cultures are treated similarly with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) and subjected to one freeze-thaw cycle prior to harvest, sterility testing, distribution for storage, and serial passage. All subsequent passages are carried out either in roller tube cultures or in 25 cm2 flask cultures employing similar procedures but with variation in trypsin concentration in both pre-treatment and in the final overlay.
An efficient system for producing virus plaques in AGMK cells is developed using methods that are routine in the art so that the virus can be plaque purified in order to obtain a homogeneous population of virus for subsequent vaccine development. The harvest fluids are routinely titrated in the simian MA-104 cells to measure the virus yield obtained. The virus is then triply-plaque-purified AGMK cells and the resulting clone is amplified by serial passage in progressively larger tissue culture vessels. The conditions for maximum yield based on trypsin concentration employed in both pre-treatment and final overlay is determined for the progeny of the isolated clone using methods well known in the art.
B. Adaptation and Serial Passage Human Neonatal Rotaviruses or Other Human Rotavirus Strains
The human rotaviruses exhibit a very narrow tissue culture host range. As a consequence, isolation and serial passage of various strains are usually performed in commercially available laboratory cell cultures such as simian MA-104 or primary monkey kidney, both of which are unsuitable for vaccine production. The former cells have not been validated as a substrate for vaccine production and the latter cells are notorious for their contamination with various simian microbial agents including retroviruses. In contrast to MA104 or primary monkey kidney cells, cell substrates certified for vaccine production, such as simian FRhL-2 or Vero cells, either fail to support growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses or allow only poor growth.
Many well characterized rotaviruses have been isolated, serially passaged and triply plaque-purified in commercially available laboratory cell culture systems not suitable for vaccine production. In those instances where it was necessary to use such viruses in vaccine development, the viruses were subsequently passaged and biologically cloned in a cell substrate certified for vaccine development and production. Ideally, virus to be used in vaccines should be isolated and passaged only in tissue culture cells certified to be acceptable for vaccine production. The AGMK cells of this invention meet this requirement because they support efficient growth of fully homologous human rotaviruses (Table V).
To develop a vaccine, routine studies are performed in flask cultures to determine the conditions for maximum yield including trypsin concentration required in both pre-treatment and final overlay. Once adaptation of the vaccine virus to the AGMK cell substrate has been achieved, the virus harvest is treated with ether (1 part ether to 4 parts virus suspension for 60 minutes at room temperature followed by a 30 minute bubbling with N2 to drive off ether) to eliminate any ether-sensitive virus(es) that may have been present in the original clinical specimen or acquired subsequently during passage in cell culture prior to initiation of vaccine development.
Live Virus Vaccine and/or Suspension Production
To produce vaccine, it is preferable also to prepare several backup pools of virus as fellows:
1. Primary Seed Virus Pool
A pool of virus and serially passaged tissue culture control fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) are prepared and, after sterility is confirmed, and potency is determined, the fluids are distributed into small aliquots for storage at or below -70° C. to serve as 3rd level back-up to final vaccine production. Total volume may range from 30 ml to 100 ml.
2. Secondary Seed Virus Pool
A pool of virus and serially passaged tissue culture control fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) is prepared. After sterility is confirmed, and potency determined, the fluids are distributed into small aliquots for storage at or below -70° C. to serve as 2nd level back-up to final vaccine production. Total volume may range from 100 ml to 300 ml.
3. Master Seed Virus Pool or Pre-Production Seed Virus Pool
A pool of virus and serially passaged tissue culture control fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) is prepared. After sterility is confirmed, potency is determined, and identity is confirmed by both serology and electrophoretic pattern, the fluids are distributed into multi-sized aliquots with storage at or below -70° C. These pools serve as first level back-up to final production. These fluids are subjected to the Tissue Culture Purity (Safety) Testing simultaneously with the vaccine lot. Total volume may range from 500 ml to 1 liter.
4. Live Virus Vaccine Production
Volume to be produced is based on the number of doses and containers required plus a minimum of 400 ml of crude fluid for safety testing. In addition to the virus pool, the production of a small pool (200-400 ml) of the passaged tissue culture control fluid is recommended for subsequent safety testing together with the crude virus harvest. Culture vessel fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (vly) are subjected to one (1) freeze-thaw cycle prior to individual harvest and sterility testing. A sample pool is prepared and assayed for potency. Identity is confirmed by both serology and electrophoretic pattern. The individual harvests are stored at ...
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Application
No. 336740 filed on 06/21/1999 US Classes:
435/235.1, VIRUS OR BACTERIOPHAGE, EXCEPT FOR VIRAL VECTOR OR BACTERIOPHAGE VECTOR; COMPOSITION THEREOF; PREPARATION OR PURIFICATION THEREOF; PRODUCTION OF VIRAL SUBUNITS; MEDIA FOR PROPAGATING435/239Recovery or purificationField of Search
435/235.1, VIRUS OR BACTERIOPHAGE, EXCEPT FOR VIRAL VECTOR OR BACTERIOPHAGE VECTOR; COMPOSITION THEREOF; PREPARATION OR PURIFICATION THEREOF; PRODUCTION OF VIRAL SUBUNITS; MEDIA FOR PROPAGATING435/239Recovery or purificationExaminers
Primary: McKelvey, Terry
Attorney, Agent or Firm
US Patent References
4783407Growth of hepatitus A virus in vero cells
Issued on: 11/08/1988
Inventor: Provost , et al.International Classes
C12N 007/00
C12N 007/02
US Patent Issued on September 12, 2000
Estimated Patent Expiration Date:
June 21, 2019Estimated Expiration Date is calculated based on simple USPTO term provisions. It does not account for terminal disclaimers, term adjustments, failure to pay maintenance fees, or other factors which might affect the term of a patent.Abstract Claims Description Full Text
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Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
The invention relates to a novel African Green Monkey Kidney (AGMK) cell subtrate that supports the efficient replication of human and animal rotaviruses, astroviruses, enteroviruses including the Sabin live attenuated poliovirus vaccine strains, hepatitis A virus and respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza A and B viruses.
The invention is also useful for the production of virus suspensions suitable for use in vaccines for immunization of humans.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
Rotaviruses are major causal agents of acute gastroenteritis in man with a world-wide distribution. Enteroviruses have been implicated in infections of the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory system and in aseptic meningitis. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the parainfluenza viruses and the influenza viruses have been shown to be the major causal agents of serious pediatric diseases such as croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia, while the influenza viruses are the major cause of serious febrile respiratory tract illness in adults. Hepatitis A virus is the cause of hepatitis A, one of the major infectious diseases of the liver.
Rotavirus infections occur world-wide and are responsible for a large proportion of severe, life-threatening, often fatal diarrheal disease. Most rotavirus disease is caused by the four major human rotavirus serotypes but other serotypes are being discovered continuously. The latter are usually restricted in geographic distribution, but they could become a larger problem at any time. World-wide, the human rotaviruses are the major etiologic agents of serious acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children and on occasion can cause debilitating diarrhea in adults. It has been estimated by the World Health Organization that rotaviruses are responsible for one million fatal diarrheal illnesses each year in infants and young children in developing countries.
The most important cause of serious viral respiratory illness in children is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, and adenoviruses are also important in this regard. Especially in the case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), of which there are two major subgroups A and B, immunity does not appear to be long-lasting and re-infections can and do occur with high frequency during infancy, through the pre-school period, and throughout adult life. The parainfluenza viruses, of which there are four major types--1, 2, 3 and 4--have been implicated as important causes of croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children. These viruses are second only to RSV as a cause of severe viral respiratory tract disease. In adults, the influenza viruses are a major cause of mortality in older persons with underlying acute or chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease. The serious systemic disease manifestations of influenza virus infections are well known and the frequent antigenic shifts in serotype [A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B] necessitate changes in the composition of the strains included in the yearly vaccine preparations.
The enteroviruses, which are a subgroup of picornaviruses consisting of polioviruses, Coxsackie viruses and echoviruses, have been shown to cause a broad spectrum of illnesses. These illnesses include paralytic disease, encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, pleurodynia, exanthems, and pericarditis with some of the infections resulting in debilitating sequelae. Hepatitis A virus, also a picornavirus, is a major cause of sporadic as well as epidemic hepatitis.
According to convention, semi-continuous cell systems which are diploid and have a finite longevity in terms of the number of passages that can be achieved in the laboratory are designated as cell strains, whereas continuous cell systems that are aneuploid and can be passaged indefinitely in the laboratory (i.e., are immortal) are designated as cell lines. A limiting factor in the development of vaccines for combating the maladies caused by a number of these infectious agents has been the lack of availability of an acceptable cell strain or line capable of supporting the growth of these viruses to a concentration suitable for use in vaccine production. Convenient and susceptible cell strains and/or lines that can be cultured using relatively high split ratios (i.e., the preparation of multiple tissue culture vessels from a single culture) and which can be approved for human use by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are needed to enable and facilitate vaccine development for certain medically important viruses that are uncontrolled currently.
Semi-continuous or continuous cell culture systems capable of supporting the growth of hybrid rotaviruses, hereafter designated human x animal rotavirus reassortants, have included the simian cell strain, FRhL-2, and the simian cell lines, CV-1 and Vero. Live virus vaccines produced in these cells have received CBER, FDA approval for Phase I and II studies. Henceforth, we will refer to these cell strains or lines as certified cell strains or lines to distinguish them from cell strains or lines that have been licensed for production of human vaccines. To date, only two semi-continuous cell culture systems, WI-38 and MRC-5, both human fetal diploid cell strains, have been licensed for use in virus vaccines. These cell strains will be referred to as licensed cell strains. Currently, there are no licensed continuous cell lines.
The above mentioned certified cell strain or lines (FRhL-2, CV-1 and Vero) are limited in their ability to support the growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses, i.e., rotaviruses that derive each of their 11 RNA gene segments from a human rotavirus. In addition, the FRhL-2 cell strain, with a maximum 1:3 split ratio capability, is limited in its ability to support the growth of important RSV. The CV-1 cells, with a maximum 1:4 split ratio capability, have not supported the growth of many viral agents to a level satisfactory for vaccine production. The Vero cells, with a split ratio of 1:6-1:10, are limited in their ability to support the growth of a number of enteroviruses and fail to support the efficient growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses.
Naturally occurring strains of hepatitis A virus (HAV), a picornavirus distantly related to the enteroviruses, do not grow well in any cell type during primary isolation and must be adapted to growth in cells of primate origin before the level of virus replication required for vaccine development and production can be achieved. Inactivated whole-virus HAV vaccines grown in fetal human fibroblast MRC-5 cells have been developed, but the low split ratio of 1:2 required by these cells, the low viral titers achieved, and the prolonged cultivation time of up to two weeks necessary for maximum yield of viral antigen make such vaccines expensive. Growth of HAV in simian CV-1, FRhK4 (a fetal rhesus monkey kidney cell line), FRhK-6 (another fetal rhesus monkey kidney cell line) and Vero cells has been variable depending on the strain and passage level of virus, but generally is suboptimal. Best growth has been obtained in a cloned cell line, designated clone 11-1, derived from FRhK4 cells, but these cells contain bovine papilloma virus sequences and thus, are not suitable for vaccine development.
Candidate live attenuated and inactivated HAV vaccines have been developed by adaptation of the virus to growth in primary African green monkey (AGMK) cells but such vaccines are not economically feasible because of the extreme difficulty of obtaining sufficient primary AGMK cells that are free of extraneous viral agents of monkey origin. Live attenuated and inactivated HAV vaccine candidates have been adapted to growth in MRC-5 cells, a human fetal diploid cell strain, but such adaptation has consistently led, respectively, to over-attenuation of the live attenuated virus for humans and a relatively sparse yield of inactivated virus vaccine.
Thus, there remains a need for a cell strain or line capable of supporting the efficient growth of a large number of human viral pathogens such as the human rotaviruses, enteroviruses, HAV, and respiratory viruses of major medical importance including RSV, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses. Such a cell strain or line would facilitate the development and production of commercially useful and effective vaccines. There is a pressing need for the development of vaccines against these viruses in order to prevent severe viral diseases of infants, children, adults and the elderly.
Therefore, the availability of a single cell strain or line capable of supporting the efficient replication of those viral agents responsible for a significant number of childhood and adult diseases would provide a significant advancement in the formulation and production of multivalent vaccines.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a cell substrate that substantially overcomes the limitations of previously established cell strains or lines. The serially passaged cells of the present invention are derived from the paired kidneys of an African green monkey and support the efficient growth of medically important human rotaviruses, astroviruses, picornaviruses such as enteroviruses including the Sabin live attenuated poliovirus vaccine strains and hepatitis A virus, and respiratory viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza A and B viruses.
The AGMK cells of the invention are designated as a cell substrate because it is not clear at this time whether they constitute a cell strain or cell line. It is probable that they are a cell line because they are aneuploid, an essential and defining property of cell lines. However, the AGMK cells have been passaged serially only 30 times and assignment of cell immortality, one of the other defining features of a cell line, requires more than 50 serial passages.
At the 30th passage there was no diminution of viability, or ability to grow nor was there any other outward sign of senescence. Furthermore, the AGMK cells have been split 1:4 or 1:8 at each of these passages, a split ratio that is characteristic of cell lines but not cell strains which usually can not be split more than 1:2.
An important advantage of the present invention is that the cell substrate, based on currently promulgated guidelines (i.e., "Points to Consider in the Characterization of Cell Lines Used to Produce Biologicals" (May 1993)) and state-of-the-art testing, has been demonstrated to be free of detectable adventitious microbial agents. This feature allows the cell substrate to be employed for the growth of viruses, such as the human rotaviruses and hepatitis A virus, which have a very highly restricted and narrow tissue culture host range. The unavailability of such a clean cell system prior to this invention has hampered vaccine development for these viruses. In addition, the cell substrate can be used in studies which require cultures of monkey kidney cells free of simian adventitious agents. The commercially available monkey kidney cell cultures are frequently contaminated with these agents, which negate or becloud any results obtained and preclude their use in vaccines destined for administration to humans. This invention also offers the advantage of a cell substrate which can be trypsinized and split in ratios ranging from 1:4 to 1:8 depending upon vessel size and time constraints imposed by vaccine production deadlines.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention to be realized and attained will be cited in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described, the invention provides a cell line derived from the paired kidneys of an African green monkey, which is free of demonstrable adventitious microbial agents. The invention also provides a method for establishing the cell line by the enzymatic disaggregation of the paired kidneys from an African green monkey and continuous cultivation of the resulting cells. In addition, the invention provides a method for recovering and serially propagating specific viruses in the cell line that subsequently can be used for production of a viral vaccine.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 outlines the passage history from a single ampoule of a disassociated African Green Monkey Kidney sample to the preparation of a Master Seed Cell Bank (MSCB) and a Master Working Cell Bank (MWCB).
FIG. 2 outlines the passage history from single ampoule from the MWCB to post-production history.
FIG. 3 depicts the results of a radioimmunofocus assay of HAV/7 as a fraction of time for plaque formation for 11-1 cell (FRhK-derived cell line) and for AGMK cells.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a cell line derived from a pair of African green monkey kidneys. The cell line is free of demonstrable viable adventitious microbial agents. In addition, the cell line is capable of supporting the growth of viruses such as human rotaviruses, astroviruses, enteroviruses, respiratory viruses and hepatitis A and is, therefore, useful for propagating viruses necessary for the production and formulation of a number of effective vaccines on a scale that makes such vaccines commercially feasible.
Specifically, the present invention relates to an aneuploid cell substrate with chromosome counts in the diploid range which was initiated by the enzymatic disaggregation of paired kidneys from a female Cercopithecus African green monkey. A deposit of the cell line at passage No. 13, Lot 6500 has been made with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, USA, on Nov. 4th, 1994 and has been assigned accession No. ATCC# CRL 11756.
This cell line was deposited according to the Budapest Treaty. If the deposited culture should die or otherwise become lost or destroyed, this cell line will be replaced with a living culture containing this cell line. This cell line will be maintained for a period of at least 30 years after the date of deposit, and for a period of at least 5 years after the most recent request for a sample. This cell line will be made available if a Patent Office signatory to the Budapest Treaty certifies one's right to receive, or if a U.S. Patent is issued to this application or any other applications claiming benefit of priority to this application.
The present invention also provides a method of establishing a cell substrate capable of at least 30 serial passages that is initially derived by the enzymatic disaggregatior of kidneys from an African green monkey. In addition, the invention provides a method for recovery and growth of specific viruses, a necessary first step for subsequent vaccine production.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the cell substrate of the present invention and in its uses without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention covers the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Having now described the invention in general terms, it will be better understood by reference to certain examples which are included herein for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
EXAMPLE 1
Derivation of the AGMK Cell Substrate
Source: The cell substrate was derived from the kidneys of an African green monkey from a colony that had been established on Barbados. The cells are free of any demonstrable viable adventitious microbial agents. The microbial agents include, but are not limited to bacteria, fungi, mycobacteria, mycoplasma and simian agents such as retroviruses, foamy viruses, hemadsorbing viruses, herpes-like viruses and multi-nucleating or syncytial viruses. The kidneys were processed using conventional enzymatic disaggregation technology. The resulting kidney cell suspension was used to initiate 3 primary flask [T150 cm2 ] cultures with the remainder, designated as Freeze #2129, distributed into multiple ampules and frozen for storage in a liquid nitrogen freezer. The primary flask cultures labelled A, B and C, were processed as follows:
Flask A: On day 14 split 1:2=1-A-1 & 1-A-2 with one of these flasks split on day 28 1:2=2-A-1 & 2-A-2
Flask B: On day 21 split 1:2=1-B-1 & 1-B-2 with one of these flasks split on day 35 1:2=2-B-1 & 2-B-2
Flask C: Not split
The maintenance medium consisted of Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium (EMEM) +5% fetal bovine serum (heat inactivated at 56° C. for 30 min.) +1% glutamine (200 mM). All flask cultures were refed with 100 ml of fresh maintenance medium on a weekly basis for a total incubation period of 9 weeks based on the initial planting date. The cultures were negative for hemadsorption and CPE (cytopathic effect), the latter determined by microscopic examination after fixation and staining.
The passage history from a single ampule to the preparation of the Master Seed Cell Bank (MSCB) and the Master Working Cell Bank (MWCB) is depicted in FIG. 1. Cultures were handled in a Class 100 Laminar Flow Hood and in an area where only normal tissue cultures and/or vaccine-designated cell systems were cultured. Cultures were serially passaged employing a 1:4 to 1:6 split ratio with incubation at 36° C.±1° C. and utilizing the following methodology:
1. Cell films were washed with Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without Ca++ and Mg++.
2. Films were disaggregated by the addition of a trypsin-EDTA solution and incubation at 36° C.+1° C. for 4-5 minutes.
3. Films were broken up by rapid pipetting with the cells suspended in the growth medium [EMEM+10% fetal bovine serum+1% glutamine] and seeded into appropriate size culture vessels.
The passage history from single ampules from the MWCB to the post-production testing is outlined in FIG. 2.
EXAMPLE 2
Testing of the Master Working Cell Bank--Passage 7A, Lot #4214
1. KARYOTYPING AND SPECIES IDENTIFICATION
Passage 7A, Lot #4214 was characterized by Giemsa banded chromosome analysis and reaction with species-specific antisera and isoenzyme analysis.
a. Cytogenic Characterization
Conventional chromosome staining (non-banded) was utilized to determine chromosome count ploidy distribution per 100 metaphases. Identifiable markers and aberrations were analyzed for 50 metaphases.
Chromosome banding by trypsin-Giemsa was utilized to analyze the karyotype and identify specific chromosome markers. Species confirmation was made using G-banding patterns and chromosome morphology. The procedures used were modifications of those described by Peterson, W. D., Jr., Simpson, W. F., and Hukku, B., Cell culture characteristics: Monitoring for cell identification, in Jakoby, W. B. and Pastan, I. H., eds., Methods in Enzymology 58:164-178, 1979; and Seabright, M., A rapid banding technique for human chromosomes, Lancet, ii:971-972, 1971.
The cell line was identified as an aneuploid female Cercopithecus (African green) monkey (XX) with chromosome counts in the diploid range. Most of the chromosomes were normal and present in two copies each. Normal chromosome D was monosomic and a single marker D chromosome was observed.
b. Species Identification of Cell Culture
The ability of the test cell preparation to react with species-specific antisera was determined using the fluorescent antibody technique as described by Peterson et al., supra. The cells reacted with monkey antiserum but not with mouse or hamster antiserum.
c. Isoenzyme Analysis
Enzyme preparations were made from the test article cells. The electrophoretic migration distances of the enzymes were compared with known migration distances of enzymes in various mammalian species as described by Halton, D. M., Peterson, W. D., Jr., and Hukku, B. Cell culture quality control by rapid isoenzymatic characterization, In Vitro 19:16-24, 1983; Ottenbreit, M. J., Halton, D. M., and Peterson, W. D., Jr., Rapid isoenzyme analysis of cell cultures by agarose electrophoresis, I. Interspecies identification, J. Tissue Culture Methods, 6:107-110, 1982; and II. Intraspecies identification of human cell lines, J. Tissue Culture Methods, 8:125-130, 1986.
The electrophoretic mobilities of enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), nucleoside phosphorylase NP), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) present in an extract prepared from the test cells were comparable to those of a Cercopithecus (African green) monkey control cell preparation. No extra bands were observed on the electrophoresis films that might suggest the presence of cells of a species other than that of the cell culture.
Cells other than those of the submitted culture (MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot# 4214) were not detected in the culture by either isoenzyme analysis or by cytogenic evaluation.
2. DETECTION OF RETROVIRUSES
a. Detection of Retrovirus Particles by Electron Microscopic Examination
A cell pellet of the test article cells (MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot# 4214) was prepared and examined for the presence of virus particles by transmission electron microscopy. No retrovirus-like particles were found in the 200 cells observed.
b. Detection of Retrovirus Reverse Transcriptase in the Presence of DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase
The test article (MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot# 4214) was analyzed for the presence of types B, C and D retrovirus reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerase activity. No evidence for the presence of retrovirus reverse transcriptase was observed.
The results are presented in Table I-A, B and C.
TABLE I-A ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in Test Article AGMK MWCB Cell Cultures: p7A, L-4214 Adjusted Reverse Transcrip- Reverse DNA tasea Transcriptaseb Polymeraseb (rAdT) (rAdT) (dAdT) Sample Mn++ Mn++ Mn++ Mn++ Mn++ ______________________________________ Test Article Undiluted 22 25 0 7 0 Diluted 2-fold 6 8 0 19 1 in mediumc Diluted 2-fold 20,837 433 10 0 in R-MuLVd Diluted 2-fold in 795 6 7,137 508 DNA polymerasee Positive and Neg- ative Controlsf R-MuLV diluted 18,589 549 12 0 2-fold in mediumg DNA Polymerase 1,079 25 5,443 542 diluted 2-fold in mediumg SMRVh 2,585 48,289 211 396 Stabilization (63) (59) (67) .sup. (58) Bufferi Mediumc (65) (57) (65) .sup. (52) Mediumg (78) (56) (62) .sup. (49) ______________________________________ a Reverse transcriptase activity adjusted for the effect of DNA polymerase (Table 2 and Methods). b Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). c EMEM + 10% serum subtracted from test article samples. d RMuLV (Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus) Type C virus positive control. e DNA polymerase Positive control; prepared from mink lung cells. f Control monitoring background of incorporation of 3Hthymidine triphosphate (reaction mixture with undiluted test article minus template primers) = 61 cpm (medium background not subtracted). g EMEM + 10% serum subtracted from RMeLV and DNA polymerase positive controls. h SMRV (Squirrel Monkey Retrovirus Preparation) Type D virus positive control. i Stabilization buffer used to dilute SMRV positive control.
TABLE I-B ______________________________________ Adjustment of Reverse Transcriptase Values for Interference by Polymerase in Test Article AGMK MWCB Cell Cultures: p7A, L-4214 DNA Polymerase Assay (CPM) RT Assay (CPM) DNA Observeda Adjustedb Observed Polymerase Test Article (Mn++) (Mn++) (Mn++) × Slope ______________________________________ Undiluted 25 22 37 3 Diluted 2-fold 8 6 19 2 in mediumc ______________________________________ a Unadjusted 3 HTTP incorporation catalyzed by RT. May include effects by cellular DNA polymerase. b Adjusted 3 HTTP incorporation catalyzed by RT = Observed RT (DNA polymerase × Slope). Slope = 0.08. c Medium used to dilute test article.
TABLE I-C ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in a DNA Polymerase Preparation from Reverse Transcriptase-Negative Cell Cultures (Used for Determinig Interference in Reverse Transcriptase Assay by DNA Polymerase) Reverse Transcriptaseb DNA Polymeraseb (rAdT) (dAdT) DNA Polymerasea Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ Sample 1 116 10 1,898 198 Sample 2 187 0 2,634 0 Sample 3 547 6 6,690 119 Sample 4 574 3 8,529 81 Sample 5 1,196 27 14,315 1,222 ______________________________________ a DNA polymerase prepared from mink lung cells. b Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated [mean duplicates minus background (medium)].
EXAMPLE 3
Post-Production Cell Testing
1. Karyotyping and Species Identification
The AGMK cells at Passage 17A, Lot #4706 were characterized by Giemsa banded chromosome analysis and reaction with species-specific antisera and isoenzyme analysis.
The cells were identified as aneuploid female Cercopithecus (African green) monkey (XX, XXX) with chromosome counts in the hypodiploid to hyperdiploid range. All karyotypes examined contained a single normal Cercopithecus monkey marker chromosome (Group D) and a second partially deleted Cercopithecus monkey D group marker chromosome.
The electrophoretic mobilities of the enzymes G6PD, NP, MDH and LDH present in an extract prepared from the test cells were comparable to those of Cercopithecus (African green) monkey control cell preparation. No extra bands were observed on the electrophoresis films that might suggest the presence of cells of a different species in the cell culture. The cells reacted with monkey antiserum but not with mouse antiserum.
Cells other than those of the submitted culture (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) were not detected in the culture by either antisera reaction, isoenzyme analysis or by cytogenic evaluation. The chromosome pattern was similar to that previously observed for cells in the MWCB, Passage 7A, Lot #4214 and specifically related these cells (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) to the former.
2. Detection of Retroviruses
a. The Test Article, AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706
Was analyzed for the presence of types B, C and D retrovirus reverse transcriptase and cellular DNA polymerase activity. The cells were grown in the presence of 30 μg/ml bromodeoxyuridine for 24 hours (day 0 to day 1) and then refed with medium without inducer. Culture fluids (unconcentrated and concentrated 20-fold) were harvested on days 2, 3 and 4. No evidence for the presence of retrovirus reverse transcriptase activity was observed in the test article. The results are presented in Table II-A, B and C.
b. Detection of Retrovirus Particles by Electron Microscopic Examination
Cell pellets were prepared from the treated and untreated cultures harvested on day 4 and examined for the presence of virus particles by transmission electron microscopy. No retrovirus-like particles were found in the 200 cells observed.
c. Detection of Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus (STLV) in Test Article (AGMK, Passage 17A, Lot #4743) by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Technique
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides a method for detection of extremely low numbers of viral nucleic acid sequences, which would not be detectable without amplification. When coupled with a pre-PCR reverse transcriptase step, RNA sequences may be amplified, thus allowing detection of free virus. The protocol used allowed for the amplification of either DNA or RNA derived STLV-specific sequences. The PCR products were tested by Southern blotting, using chemiluminescent enzyme-linked probe hybridization to the blot.
When tested with the STLV pol primers SK110/SK111, STLV-specific product was not detected in test article reactions, each of which represented 1.0 μg nucleic acid extracted from the test article. In the positive control series, which contained the equivalent of 0.001 μg, 0.01 μg, 0.1 μg or 1 μg of nucleic acid extracted from a cell line infected by STLV (STLVmn103), STLV-specific product was detected in all reactions. On the basis of failure to detect reactivity with STLV primers, the test article was judged to be negative for STLV nucleic acid sequences.
d. Detection of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Test Article (AGMK, Passage 18A, Lot #5506)
Total cellular DNA was extracted from the test article and subsequently tested for the presence of SIVagm virus sequences using primers that amplify a 200 bp fragment of the LTR. This involved PCR with nested sets of primers as follows:
Outer set #1807 F: CCTCAGAGCTGCATAAAAGCAGAT (SEQ ID NO:1) - #1808 R: TCACTCAAGTCCCTGTTCGGGCGC (SEQ ID NO:2) - Inner set #1809 F: TACTAGGAGACCAGCTTGAGCCTG (SEQ ID NO:3) - #1810 R: TGCTGGAGTTTCTCTCGCCTGGGT (SEQ ID NO:4)
These primers were designed for the conserved U5 and R regions of the LTR and are capable of amplifying all subtypes of SIVagm. The predicted 200 bp fragment was amplified from DNA extracted from a chronically-SIVagm infected cell line (SIVagm 155CEMss) but the African green monkey cells did not have detectable SIVagm sequences by Southern blot analysis.
3. Tumorigenicity in Athymic Nude Mice
The cells were found to be non-tumorigenic after being clinically evaluated for 150 days. Athymic nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with approximately 1×107 test article cells (AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4889). Athymic nude mice were similarly inoculated with positive control cells. All 10 positive control inoculated mice had tumors at the site of inoculation. No metastases were observed in the inoculation site (skin), lung, lymph nodes, liver, kidney, spleen or brain of mice inoculated with the test article.
TABLE II-A ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in Unconcentrated AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706 Reverse Trans- DNA Poly- criptasea merasea Sample (rAdT) (dAdT) Test Article Cellsb Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ DAY 2 Untreated 0 0 227 0 Treated 29 0 485 85 3 Untreated 0 0 265 6 Treated 0 0 243 0 4 Untreated 35 0 711 29 Treated 48 0 723 26 ______________________________________ a Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). b Culture fluids from test article cells.
TABLE II-B ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706 Concentrated 20-fold Reverse Trans- DNA Poly- criptasea merasea Sample (rAdT) (dAdT) Test Article Cellsb Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ DAY 2 Untreated 9 0 18 87 Treated 0 0 15 104 3 Untreated 6 0 32 125 Treated 9 3 19 136 4 Untreated 22 3 14 114 Treated 122 2 2,423 516 ______________________________________ a Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). b Culture fluids from test article cells.
TABLE II-C ______________________________________ Reverse Transcriptase and DNA Polymerase Activities in AGMK Passage 17A, Lot #4706 Sample Reverse Transcriptasea DNA Polymerasea Positive and Negative (rAdT) (dAdT) Controls Mn++ Mg++ Mn++ Mg++ ______________________________________ R-MuLVc 65,913 2,230 0 16 SMRVd 12,031 133,798 1,274 2,825 DNA Polymerasee 7,015 57 60,197 6,646 Mediumf (163) (74) (242) (107) Stabilization Bufferg (53) (59) (46) (44) Mediumh (146) (136) (321) (148) ______________________________________ a Expressed as counts per minute 3 Hthymidine triphosphate incorporated (mean duplicates minus background). b Culture fluids from test article cells. c RMuLV (Rauscher murine leukemia virus) Type C virus positive control. d SMRV (Squirrel Monkey Retrovirus Preparation) Type D virus positive control. e DNA polymerase Positive control; prepared from mink lung cells. f Medium Subtracted from unconcentrated, untreated and treated samples. g Stabilization buffer Negative control; subtracted from positive controls and concentrated samples. h Medium Subtracted from RMulV and DNA polymerase positive controls
EXAMPLE 4
Post-Production Testing for Microbial Sterility
1. Bacterial Sterility in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium
Each of 10 culture tubes (9-10 ml medium per tube) was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approx. 5×105 cells per ml. Each of 5 tubes was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the original growth medium. Ten cultures were included as uninoculated controls. All cultures were vortex mixed and incubated at 32° C.±2° C. for 21 days with observations made on days 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 21. No growth was observed in any of the 25 cultures.
2. Fungal Sterility in Soybean Casein Digest Medium
Each of 10 culture tubes (9-10 ml medium per tube) was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approx. 5×105 cells per ml. Each of 5 tubes was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the original growth medium. Ten cultures were included as uninoculated controls. All cultures were vortex mixed and incubated at 22° C.±2° C. for 21 days with observations made on days 1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 21. No growth was observed in any of the 25 cultures.
3. Mycobacterial Sterility in Lowenstein-Jensen Egg Medium
Each of 10 slant culture tubes was inoculated with 0.5 ml of the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approx. 5×105 cells per ml. Each of 10 culture slants was inoculated with 0.5 ml of the original growth medium. Six cultures were included as uninoculated controls. All cultures were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. horizontally for the first 24 hours and vertically for the remainder of the 8 week observation period with weekly observations for growth. On day 28, one cell suspension inoculated culture was found contaminated with a mold. No growth was observed in any of the remaining 25 cultures after 8 weeks.
This assay was repeated with AGMK Passage 18A, Lot #4918, but using 6 culture slants inoculated with the original growth medium. No growth was observed in any of the 22 cultures after 8 weeks. The results of the above Microbial Sterility Assays are summarized in Table III.
4. Mycoplasma Sterility
The assay for mycoplasma was performed using both the direct Broth Enrichment and Agar Procedures and the indirect Indicator Cell Culture Procedure with the AGMK cell suspension (Passage 17A, Lot #4706) containing approximately 5×105 cells per ml. The cell suspension was found to be negative for mycoplasmas by all procedures.
TABLE III __________________________________________________________________________ Microbial Sterility Test Results on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, Lot #4706 and #4918 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Vol. Per. Culture Date Culture Medium No. (ml) Temp. On Test Off Test Results __________________________________________________________________________ Fluid Thioglycollate (FIM) LOT VVPL #122-50 10 -- 32° C. 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4706 10 1.0 (±2.degr ee. C.) | | No Growth Culture Medium 5 1.0 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Soybean-Casein-Digest (SCDM) LOT VVPL #112-51 10 -- 22° C. 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4706 10 1.0 (±2.degr ee. C.) | | No Growth Culture Medium 5 1.0 1/05/93 1/26/93 No Growth Lowenstein-Jensen Egg Medium - LOT #C3CPPB 6 -- 36° C. 1/05/93 3/02/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4706 10 0.5 (±1.degr ee. C.) | | 1/10 mold | | on day 28 Culture Medium 10 0.5 1/05/93 3/02/93 No Growth Lowenstein-Jensen Egg Medium - LOT #H3CTGX 6 -- 36° C. 2/23/93 4/20/93 No Growth Cell Suspension #4918 10 0.5 (±1.degr ee. C.) | | No Growth Culture Medium 6 0.5 2/23/93 4/20/93 No Growth __________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
In Vitro Tissue Culture Purity and Safety Tests for the Detection of Viable Adventitious Microbial Agents
These assays were performed in roller tube cultures of the following tissue culture systems: Serially passaged African green monkey kidney (AGMK); Primary Human Amnion (PHA); Vero; Primary Rabbit Kidney (PRK); Whole Human Embryo Fibroblast (Fl 5000); and Human Carcinoma of the Larynx (H.Ep-2). Cultures were maintained on Medium EMEM containing 2-10% fetal bovine serum (gamma irradiated) plus antibiotics: gentamicin, 100 μg/ml; neomycin, 50 μg/ml; and fungizone, 2.5 μg/ml. Cultures were refed with 2 ml of maintenance medium prior to inoculation.
Testing Procedures
The cell suspensions (Lots #4742/3, #4755 or #4889 containing approximately 5×105 cells per ml) were inoculated in 0.5 ml amount per each of 28 roller tubes per tissue culture system. Cultures were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 14 days with periodic microscopic examination for any cytopathic effect (CPE) and/or cellular degeneration. When necessary to maintain the integrity of the cell films, cultures were refed with 2 ml of fresh maintenance medium. Additional groups of 28 roller tubes per tissue culture system were included as uninoculated controls.
On the 7th-8th day of incubation, 6-9 tubes from each series (inoculated and controls) were removed and tested for hemadsorption with 3 red blood cell (RBC) suspensions (guinea pig at 0.1%, chicken at 0.075%, or human at 0.1% in PBS, pH 7.2). Films were rinsed once in the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to the addition of 1 ml of the RBC suspension employing 2-3 tubes per RBC. Initially, tubes were incubated at 2°-8° C. for a minimum of 30 minutes and examined microscopically for any signs of hemadsorption. Following manual shaking, tubes were incubated at 35°-37° C. for a minimum of 30 minutes and re-examined microscopically for hemadsorption. All cultures were inactive for hemadsorption with all 3 suspensions and at both temperatures. On day 14, after final microscopic examination, the cultures were divided, depending on the specific tissue culture system for final testing. AGMK, PHA and Fl5000 Tube Cultures were divided as follows:
1. 9 tubes from each series were tested for hemadsorption with the 3RBC suspensions as described above for day 7-8;
2. 4 tubes from each series were fixed and stained with a solution of 5% glutaraldehyde +0.025% crystal violet and, after drying, examined microscopically for any signs of CPE;
3. 8 tubes from each series were challenged with Coxsackie A-9 virus (0.1 ml for each of 2 tubes using a 10-2, 10-3, 10-4 or 10-5 dilution) for the detection of non-CPE producing agents and/or latent agents via the interference phenomenon; and
4. One (1) tube of each series was included as an uninoculated control for the challenge virus.
Vero, PRK and H.Ep-2 Tube Cultures were divided as follows:
1. 12 tubes from each series were tested for hemadsorption with the 3 RBC suspensions as described above for day 7-8;
2. 7 tubes from each series were fixed and stained with a solution of 5% glutaraldehyde +0.025% crystal violet and, after drying, examined microscopically for any signs of CPE.
No challenge studies were carried out with the Coxsackie A-9 virus as this agent does not produce any discernible CPE in these cell systems. The results of these in vitro tissue culture purity and safety assays are summarized in Tables IV-A to F.
TABLE IV-A ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4742/3 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml African Green Monkey Kidney Cells - Passage 12, LOT #4793) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 Giemsa Stain 0/4 0/4 Coxsackie A-9 Virus Challenge* at 10-3 2/2 2/2 10-4 2/2 2/2 10-5 2/2 2/2 10-6 2/2 2/2 Unchallenged Controls 0/1 0/1 ______________________________________ *Coxsackie A9 Challenge results based on a 5day incubation at 36° C. Prior to challenge, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-B ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4742/3 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Primary Human Amnion - (PHA) - (LOT #4720) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/3 0/3 Giemsa Stain 0/4 0/4 Coxsackie A-9 Virus Challenge* at 10-3 2/2 2/2 10-4 2/2 2/2 10-5 2/2 2/2 10-6 2/2 2/2 Unchallenged Controls 0/1 0/1 ______________________________________ *Coxsackie A9 Challenge results based on a 5day incubation at 36° C. Prior to challenge, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-C ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4755 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Vero Cells - (Passage 143, LOT #4813) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 00.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 Giemsa Stain 0/7 0/7 ______________________________________
TABLE IV-D ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4889 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Rabbit Kidney Cells - (Primary, LOT #4814) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results* AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 at 35°-37° C. 0/4 0/4 0/3 0/3 Giemsa Stain 0/7 0/7 ______________________________________ *On day 8, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-E ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4889 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Whole Human Embryo Fibroblast Cells - (FL 5000) - (Passage 22, LOT #4842) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 at 35°-37° C. 0/2 0/2 0/2 0/2 Giemsa Stain 0/4 0/4 Coxsackie A-9 Virus Challenge* at 10-3 2/2 2/2 10-4 2/2 2/2 10-5 2/2 2/2 10-6 1/2 1/2 Unchallenged Controls 0/1 0/1 ______________________________________ *Coxsackie A9 Challenge results based on a 4day incubation at 36° C. Prior to challenge, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
TABLE IV-F ______________________________________ Tissue Culture Purity Tests on the AGMK Cell Suspension - Passage 17A, LOT #4755 at Approximately 5 × 105 Cells/ml Human Carcinoma of the Larynx - H.Ep-2 - (Passage 397, LOT #4808) Day 7 Results Day 14 Results AGMK Controls AGMK Controls ______________________________________ 0.1% Guinea Pig RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.075% Chicken RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 0.1% Human RBC at 2°-8° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 at 35°-37° C. 0/3 0/3 0/4 0/4 Giemsa Stain 0/7 0/7 ______________________________________ *On day 10, tubes refed with 2 ml of fresh medium.
EXAMPLE 6
In Vivo Tests for the Detection of Viable Adventitious Microbial Agents
The following tests were performed employing cell suspensions derived from Passage 17A-(Lots #4706, #4742, #4755 and #4788). These assays were performed with inocula consisting of approximately 1×107 cells per ml suspended in the culture medium in which they were grown.
1. Tests in Animals
a. Suckling Mouse Assay
A total of 10 newborn CD-1 mice randomized from different litters (10 per mother, less than 24 hours old) were inoculated intracerebrally (I.Cer.) with 0.01 ml and intraperitoneally (I.P.) with 0.1 ml of the cell suspension from Lot #4706. An additional randomized group of 10 sucklings was inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. A randomized group of 10 sucklings was included as uninoculated controls. All sucklings were observed daily for 14 days for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress. On day 2, one (1) suckling from each of the inoculated groups was found missing and presumed cannibalized. There were no other deaths and none of the sucklings exhibited any signs of illness or distress over this initial 14 day observation period.
On the 14th day, single pools were prepared of the emulsified tissue (minus skin and viscera) of the following groups: (a) AGMK inoculated pups (n=9); (b) culture fluid inoculated pups (n=9); and © uninoculated controls (n=10). A blind.passage into newborn CD-1 mice was made of each pool via the I.Cer. and I.P. routes: each pool into 10 newborns from mixed litters. An additional litter of 10 sucklings was included as uninoculated controls for this blind passage. All sucklings were observed daily for 14 days for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress. There were no deaths recorded for the AGMK or culture medium inoculated pups or for the uninoculated control group; however, on day 3, 4 sucklings were missing and presumed cannibalized in © the passaged control group. None of the sucklings exhibited any signs of illness or distress over this final 14 day observation period.
Because none of the AGMK cell suspension or culture medium inoculated sucklings exhibited any signs of a transmissible agent or of Coxsackie virus infection or of any viral infection, and because >90% of these inoculated sucklings (19 of 20) remained healthy and survived the entire observation period, this assay in suckling mice was considered satisfactory.
b. Adult Mouse Assay
Each of 20 adult CD-1 mice (VAF, 15-20 grams each) was inoculated I.Cer. and I.P. with 0.03 ml and 0.5 ml, respectively, with the cell suspension Lot #4788. An additional 5 mice were inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. Four mice were included as uninoculated controls. Mice were observed daily for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress over a 21 day period. There were no deaths recorded and all mice survived the entire 21 day observation period with no evidence of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection or any other viral infection. This test in adult mice was considered satisfactory.
c. Adult Guinea Pig Assay
Each of 5 Hartley strain guinea pigs (VAF, 350-450 grams each] was inoculated I.Cer. and I.P. with 0.1 ml and 5.0 ml, respectively, with the cell suspension Lot #4755. An additional guinea pig was inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. One (1) guinea pig was included as an uninoculated control. All were observed daily for deaths and/or signs of illness or distress over a 6 week period; none were recorded. Commencing on day 21, daily rectal temperatures were taken with a digital thermometer and recorded (at approximately 0900 hours) for all guinea pigs until time of sacrifice. The average temperatures (° C.) for the AGMK inoculated guinea pigs were: 39.26, 39.30, 39.40, 39.46 and 39.53; for the medium inoculated guinea pig: 39.32; and for the control: 39.37. There were no significant temperature rises indicative of either bacterial or viral infection. All guinea pigs appeared healthy and survived the entire 42-day observation period at which time they were necropsied following euthanasia with Halothane and exsanguination. Inspection of the abdominal and thoracic cavities by the consulting veterinarian did not identify gross lesions or pathological changes. This assay in adult guinea pigs was considered satisfactory.
d. Adult Rabbit Assay
Each of 5 New Zealand white rabbits (1500-2500 gm each) was inoculated intradermally (I.D.) with 0.1 ml per each of 10 sites and subcutaneously (S.Q.) with 9.0 ml of the AGMK cell suspension Lot #4788. One (1) rabbit was similarly inoculated with the original culture medium. One (1) rabbit was included as an uninoculated control. Animals were observed daily for 28 days for deaths, illness, distress and/or lesions at the sites of inoculation. No deaths were recorded and all rabbits remained healthy without exhibiting any signs of illness or distress or lesions at the sites of inoculation. This test in adult rabbits was considered satisfactory. The results of these in vivo animal safety tests are summarized in Table V-A and B.
2. Tests in Embryonated Eggs
For these studies, specific pathogen-free embryonated eggs were obtained from SPAFAS, Inc., Reinholds, Pa. These eggs came from Flock L061-E.
a. Allantoic Inoculation
Each of ten 10-day old embryonated eggs was inoculated via the allantoic route with 0.5 ml of the AGMK suspension Lot #4706. An additional 5 eggs were inoculated in a similar manner with the original culture medium. Five (5) eggs were included as uninoculated controls. Eggs were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 72 hours and then candled for deaths (1 of 5 medium inoculated) and chilled overnight at 2°-8° C. Allantoic fluids were harvested individually, incubated in a 37° C. water bath for 60 minutes to elute any adsorbed agent(s), and then clarified by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes at 20° C. Pools were prepared for each of the 3 sets of eggs employing equal volumes from each individual harvest. The pools were assayed for hemagglutination both undiluted and at a 1:10 dilution with incubation at 2°-8° C. and at room temperature (15°-30° C.) using the following erythrocytes in PBS at (pH 7.2): guinea pig at 0.6%; chick at 0.4%; and human at 0.6%. All fluids were negative for hemagglutination at both dilutions and at both temperatures with all 3 RBC suspensions.
The sample pools were subpassaged in 0.5 ml amounts into 10-day old embryonated eggs via the allantoic route as follows: the pool from the AGMK cell suspension into 10 eggs; the pool from the medium into 5 eggs; and the pool from the uninoculated eggs into 5 eggs. An additional 5 eggs were included as uninoculated controls. Eggs were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 72 hours and then candled for deaths (none recorded) and chilled overnight at 2°-8° C. Allantoic fluids were harvested, handled and tested as described above. All 4 pools were negative for hemagglutination at both dilutions and at both temperatures with all 3 RBC suspensions.
There were no deaths recorded for any of the eggs inoculated with the AGMK cell suspension. Since none of the harvest fluids exhibited any hemagglutination when tested against guinea pig, chick or human RBC, this aspect of the embryonated egg study was considered satisfactory.
b. Yolk Sac Inoculation
Each of ten 6-day old embryonated eggs was inoculated into the yolk sac with 0.5 ml of the AGMK cell suspension Lot #4742. Five (5) eggs were similarly inoculated with the original culture medium and 5 eggs were included as uninoculated controls. Eggs were incubated at 36° C. [±1° C.] for 9 days with periodic candling for deaths. Of the medium-inoculated eggs, 2 were found dead (1 each on days 2 & 5); and, of the AGMK-inoculated eggs, 2 were inadvertently broken. No other deaths or losses were recorded. Each group of yolk sacs (AGMK group=8; medium group=3; controls=5) was harvested, pooled, washed in PBS, emulsified by grinding and clarified by centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 20 minutes at 20° C.
The 3 clarified suspensions were subpassaged via the same route into fresh 6-day old embryonated eggs as follows: AGMK group into 10 eggs; medium group into 5 eggs; control group into 5 eggs. An additional 5 eggs were included as uninoculated controls. All eggs were incubated at 36° C.±1° C. for 9 days with periodic candling for deaths. On day 7, 3 eggs were found dead; 2 from the AGMK group and 1 from the medium group. There were no other deaths recorded.
This aspect of the embryonated egg study was considered satisfactory, because there was a greater than 80% overall survival (16 of 18) of embryonated eggs (primary and subpassage) inoculated with the AGMK cell suspension and viability of the egg was confirmed.
EXAMPLE 7
Use of the Characterized AGMK Cell Substrate for: (1) Isolation and Growth of Human Rotaviruses: and (2) Production of Live Vaccines Containing Such Viruses
The AGMK cells are the only characterized cells tested to date that are suitable for vaccine purposes and support the efficient growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses, i.e., rotaviruses that derive each of their 11 gene segments from a human rotavirus. This is particularly important because a number of candidate homologous human rotavirus vaccine strains are now under development, including those shown in Table V.
As seen in Table V, two candidate human vaccine rotaviruses of G serotype 1 or G serotype 3 recovered from newborn infants were observed to grow to moderately high or high titer in AGMK cells, whereas, each of these neonatal rotavirus strains was markedly restricted in its capacity to grow in two types of cells certified for vaccine production, i.e., FRhL2 or Vero cells. In addition, one of these neonatal rotavirus strains was also markedly restricted in replicative capacity in human fetal fibroblast cell strain MRC-5 which is licensed for vaccine production.
Similar observations were made with two cold-adapted (ca) mutants of human rotavirus of G serotype 1 or G serotype 2 that are also promising candidate live virus vaccine strains. Both human rotavirus mutants grew efficiently in AGMK cells but were significantly or markedly restricted in their growth in certified cells FRhL2 and Vero.
A. Isolation and Serial Passage of Neonatal Human Rotavirus Strains
Initially, the toxicity of each new preparation of purified trypsin is determined for the AGMK cells to be tested. A known positive stool extract is pre-treated with antibiotics (200 μg/ml gentamicin; 100 μg/ml neomycin; and 5 μg/ml fungizone) for 60 minutes at room temperature. Equal volumes of stool extract and trypsin at pre-determined concentration, e.g., 10 μg/ml, are mixed and allowed to incubate at 37° C. in a water bath for 30 minutes. In the interim, the cultures to be inoculated are washed three times with appropriate volumes (e.g., 3 ml for roller tubes, 10 ml for T25 flasks, 30 ml for T75 flasks and 100 ml T175 flasks) of serum-free medium to dilute the serum that had been in the growth medium in order to prevent components of serum from inactivating trypsin activity.
Roller tube cultures are inoculated with a 0.5 ml volume of the stool/trypsin mixture which is allowed to adsorb at 36° C.±1° C. for 60 minutes while rotating on a roller drum apparatus. Cultures are washed once and fed with 3 ml volumes of (EMEM) containing 1% of 10× SPG (sucrose, 2.18M; KH2 PO4, 0.038M; K2 HPO4, 0.072M; and mono-sodium glutamate, 0.054M) and 1 μg/ml trypsin. Cell cultures in which trypsin is omitted are also included to control for the effect of trypsin. Incubation is at 36° C.±1° C.
Cultures are examined microscopically on a daily basis and cultures are harvested when cytopathic effect (CPE) that involves 75 to 100% of the cells is evident. Virus and control cultures are treated similarly with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) and subjected to one freeze-thaw cycle prior to harvest, sterility testing, distribution for storage, and serial passage. All subsequent passages are carried out either in roller tube cultures or in 25 cm2 flask cultures employing similar procedures but with variation in trypsin concentration in both pre-treatment and in the final overlay.
An efficient system for producing virus plaques in AGMK cells is developed using methods that are routine in the art so that the virus can be plaque purified in order to obtain a homogeneous population of virus for subsequent vaccine development. The harvest fluids are routinely titrated in the simian MA-104 cells to measure the virus yield obtained. The virus is then triply-plaque-purified AGMK cells and the resulting clone is amplified by serial passage in progressively larger tissue culture vessels. The conditions for maximum yield based on trypsin concentration employed in both pre-treatment and final overlay is determined for the progeny of the isolated clone using methods well known in the art.
B. Adaptation and Serial Passage Human Neonatal Rotaviruses or Other Human Rotavirus Strains
The human rotaviruses exhibit a very narrow tissue culture host range. As a consequence, isolation and serial passage of various strains are usually performed in commercially available laboratory cell cultures such as simian MA-104 or primary monkey kidney, both of which are unsuitable for vaccine production. The former cells have not been validated as a substrate for vaccine production and the latter cells are notorious for their contamination with various simian microbial agents including retroviruses. In contrast to MA104 or primary monkey kidney cells, cell substrates certified for vaccine production, such as simian FRhL-2 or Vero cells, either fail to support growth of completely homologous human rotaviruses or allow only poor growth.
Many well characterized rotaviruses have been isolated, serially passaged and triply plaque-purified in commercially available laboratory cell culture systems not suitable for vaccine production. In those instances where it was necessary to use such viruses in vaccine development, the viruses were subsequently passaged and biologically cloned in a cell substrate certified for vaccine development and production. Ideally, virus to be used in vaccines should be isolated and passaged only in tissue culture cells certified to be acceptable for vaccine production. The AGMK cells of this invention meet this requirement because they support efficient growth of fully homologous human rotaviruses (Table V).
To develop a vaccine, routine studies are performed in flask cultures to determine the conditions for maximum yield including trypsin concentration required in both pre-treatment and final overlay. Once adaptation of the vaccine virus to the AGMK cell substrate has been achieved, the virus harvest is treated with ether (1 part ether to 4 parts virus suspension for 60 minutes at room temperature followed by a 30 minute bubbling with N2 to drive off ether) to eliminate any ether-sensitive virus(es) that may have been present in the original clinical specimen or acquired subsequently during passage in cell culture prior to initiation of vaccine development.
Live Virus Vaccine and/or Suspension Production
To produce vaccine, it is preferable also to prepare several backup pools of virus as fellows:
1. Primary Seed Virus Pool
A pool of virus and serially passaged tissue culture control fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) are prepared and, after sterility is confirmed, and potency is determined, the fluids are distributed into small aliquots for storage at or below -70° C. to serve as 3rd level back-up to final vaccine production. Total volume may range from 30 ml to 100 ml.
2. Secondary Seed Virus Pool
A pool of virus and serially passaged tissue culture control fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) is prepared. After sterility is confirmed, and potency determined, the fluids are distributed into small aliquots for storage at or below -70° C. to serve as 2nd level back-up to final vaccine production. Total volume may range from 100 ml to 300 ml.
3. Master Seed Virus Pool or Pre-Production Seed Virus Pool
A pool of virus and serially passaged tissue culture control fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (v/v) is prepared. After sterility is confirmed, potency is determined, and identity is confirmed by both serology and electrophoretic pattern, the fluids are distributed into multi-sized aliquots with storage at or below -70° C. These pools serve as first level back-up to final production. These fluids are subjected to the Tissue Culture Purity (Safety) Testing simultaneously with the vaccine lot. Total volume may range from 500 ml to 1 liter.
4. Live Virus Vaccine Production
Volume to be produced is based on the number of doses and containers required plus a minimum of 400 ml of crude fluid for safety testing. In addition to the virus pool, the production of a small pool (200-400 ml) of the passaged tissue culture control fluid is recommended for subsequent safety testing together with the crude virus harvest. Culture vessel fluids supplemented with 10% of 10× SPG (vly) are subjected to one (1) freeze-thaw cycle prior to individual harvest and sterility testing. A sample pool is prepared and assayed for potency. Identity is confirmed by both serology and electrophoretic pattern. The individual harvests are stored at ...
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"He would, wouldn't he?" Mandy Rice-Davies. When asked in court whether she knew that Lord Astor had denied having sex with her.
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